The Current State of U.S.-Taiwan Security Relations (May 22^nd Event)

美台安全關係的現狀（5月22日會議）

Thursday, May 22, 2014 10 am to 12 pm
2014年5月22日上午10時至中午12時

Hudson Institute, Washington, D.C. Headquarters1015 15th Street, N.W., 6th Floor Washington, DC
哈德遜研究所

Panelists 專家

Seth Cropsey (Moderator) • Director of the Center for American Seapower, Hudson Institute
塞斯·克羅波西 •  哈德森研究所   美國海上力量中心主任

Dr. Michael Pillsbury (Panelist) • Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute
白瑞邦博士 •  哈德森研究所   資深研究員

Mark Stokes (Panelist) • Executive Director, Project 2049 Institute
馬克·斯托克斯  •  2049項目研究所  執行主任

Michael Auslin (Panelist) •  Columnist, Wall Street Journal; Senior Fellow and Director of Japan Studies, American Enterprise Institute
米沙·奧斯林 •  華爾街日報  專欄作家  •   美國企業研究所  資深研究員和日本研究主任

____________________________________

Cropsey 克羅波西

Good morning! Welcome to Hudson Institute. I am Seth Cropsey, Senior Fellow here and Director of Hudson’s relatively new Center for American Seapower. Thanks for joining us this morning.
早安！歡迎來到哈德森研究所。我是賽斯克羅波西，這裡的資深研究員和美國海上力量中心主任。感謝您們今天早上加入我們。

This discussion comes at a propitious, or I should say, regrettably propitious time. China’s plan to situate a billion dollar oil rig off the Vietnam coast has turned into a crisis in the South China Sea. The implications for the entire region are troublesome far beyond Beijing’s placement of the drilling rigs inside Vietnam’s exclusive economic zone.
這次討論是在一個適合的時機，或者我應該說，令人遺憾的時機而來的。中國計劃在越南海岸附近設置的一個數十億美元的石油鑽機已經成為在中國南海的一個危機。這危機對整個地區的影響是遠遠超出了北京在此越南專屬經濟區所設立的鑽機製造出的麻煩。

The act resulted in multiple run-ins between military and civilian ships in both countries, I think you know that. It produced riots in Vietnam which resulted in the death of two Chinese workers. It induced Beijing to evacuate thousands of Chinese nationals by air, and some by sea, and most important, I think, the incident is a reminder of Chinese miscalculations and a response that Beijing clearly did not anticipate.
我想你知道，該行為導致了軍事和民用船隻在這兩個國家之間的許多口角。此行為在越南產生騷亂，導致兩名中國工人的死亡。也引起北京用海或空運撤離成千上萬的中國公民。最重要的，我認為，這事件提醒中國的失誤和北京顯然沒有預料到的反應。

(1:15) Look, with the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand 100 years ago next month, that, in order to be clear, and not predicting that the oil rig dispute is going to lead to world war—I don’t think that’s true. I am saying, that the incident is a common phenomenon, where relations between states are text. Leaders make mistakes; events don’t go as they expected. In a huge region, where the tensions between Vietnam and China are reproduced with most neighboring states, that are either islands or have large coast lines, the potential for other mistakes is large. And nowhere is this more true than in the narrow strait that divides Taiwan from the PRC, which continues each year to in-mass an arsenal of missiles on the mainland.
你看，下個月是斐迪南大公100年前被暗殺的事件，雖然我不是預測說石油鑽機糾紛會導致世界大戰，我不認為會這樣；但是我是說，這種事件在國與國之間是一個普遍的現象。領導者會犯錯誤，事情不會都按照他們所預期的發生。在一個巨大的區域，這種在越南和中國之間的緊張關係，在大多數有島嶼或有大的海岸線的鄰國都經常發生，而其他的出錯，可能性是很大的。沒有別的例子比台灣和中國---繼續每年在大陸聚集導彈的軍火庫的中國---分開而狹窄的海峽，更能寫實這種緊張關係。

 

(2:22) Although commerce between Taiwan and the PRC continues to increase, the former is a democracy, the latter is a one-party ruled authoritarian state. Democratic behavior is often harder to predict, and that of states ruled by autocrats, whose enduring interest is, above all, the preservation of their own power and of their ruling party.
雖然台灣與中國之間的貿易不斷增加，前者是一個民主社會，後者則是一黨統治的專制國家。民主行為往往是難以預料的，但是由獨裁者統治的，他們持久的第一愛好，就是保全他們權力和執政黨自身。

(2:50) So this is a prescription for the interesting times that most of us would like to avoid living in. It’s also an important reason for the 35 year-old Act of the Congress, which provides that the U.S. will make available to Taiwan such defense articles and defense services in such a quantity, as may be necessary to enable Taiwan to maintain a sufficient self-defense capability. Congress reaffirmed this Act most recently last year, notwithstanding the US’s thus far failed material need to assist Taiwan in its longstanding and legitimate effort to protect itself from the threat of blockade by PRC submarines and surface ships.
因此，這是對我們大多數人都想避免生活在這個有趣的時代的處方。這也是為什麼(美國)國會會有一個三十五年的法案，其中規定美國將給予台灣充足的國防物品和服務，以使台灣維持足夠的自衛能力的一個重要原因。 最近國會在去年重申這一法案，儘管美國迄今未能協助台灣，在其長期的、和合法的努力，來保護自己免受中國潛艇和水面艦艇封鎖的威脅的實質需求。

(3:38) So this morning’s conference will look at U.S.-Taiwan’s security relationship, concentrating in particular, on the ability of the U.S. to live up to its commitments, the threats in the region, and the overall state of the security in the relationship between Washington and Taipei. And here to shed some light on that, we are fortunate to have, in order of their speaking, which has been determined by where I found their nameplates this morning: Michael Pillsbury, who’s a Senior Fellow here at Hudson, whose thoughtful originality I trust, a future government of the United States will again turn to. Michael served as Assistant Under Secretary of Defense Policy Planning Office in the Reagan Administration and was the special assistant for Asian Affairs in the office of the Secretary of Defense in the first Bush’s administration.
所以，今天上午的會議將討論美台安全關係，特別專注於美國對不辜負自己所承諾的實力，在台灣地區的威脅，以及在華盛頓和台北之間關係的整體安全狀況。我們很幸運的來闡明一些我們的講員，依發言的順序，按照我今天上午找到了他們的名牌的秩序：白瑞邦博士，哈德森這裡的資深研究員，我相信美國未來的政府將再次因他深思熟慮的原創力而向他請教。白博士曾擔任雷根政府的國防部政策規劃辦公室的助理副局長，以及老布希政府的國防部長辦公室的亞洲事務的特別助理。

(4:44) Mark Stokes, next, the Executive Director for Project 2049 Institute, a 20-year US Air Force veteran. Mark previously served as team chief and senior country director for the PRC and Taiwan and Mongolia, and in the office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. His experience alone places him in the first rank in America’s most distinguished agency there is. And Misha Auslan is the Director of Japan Studies of the American Enterprise Institute. He’s a columnist for the Wall Street Journal. His writings on Asia and global security are indispensible for anyone who wants to understand the region and American interests in it. I’ve said enough this morning, so let me turn it over to Michael.
接下來，馬克·斯托克斯，為2049項目研究所的執行主任，20年的美國空軍退伍軍人。馬克曾在中國及台灣和蒙古擔任團隊首席和高級國家主管，並在國防部助理部長負責國際安全事務的辦公室服務過。他獨特的經驗使他成為美國最傑出機構的第一級人物。還有，米莎·奧斯林是美國企業研究所的日本研究主任。他是華爾街日報的一個專欄作家。任何人想要了解有關在亞洲和全球的安全以及美國的利益，他的著作是不可或缺的。今天早上我已經說得夠多了，所以讓我把台上交給白博士。

Michael Pillsbury白瑞邦博士(5:43)

Thank you, Seth. (Do you want the podium or the…) I think given the formality of the Hudson Institute should be from the team, if it’s okay with you. (That’s okay).
謝謝，賽斯。 （你想在講台或......）我想由於哈德遜研究所的正式性，應該是團隊一起，如果你不介意的話。 （沒關係）。

(5:58) There’s been a debate over the last couple of years about what is the role of think tanks in Washington D.C. One point of view is advocacy; think tanks are our advocacy. They take money from sponsors, sponsors already have an agenda, an idea of what they want to do; and the think tank are scholars just fill out more ammunition, if you will, for the advocacy that is already determined.
過去的這幾年，有一個關於智庫在華盛頓特區有什麼作用的爭論。一種觀點​​是擁護；智庫是我們的擁護。他們從贊助商拿錢，贊助商已經有一個他們想要做的事，他們想要做的想法，而智囊團的學者都只要火上加油，如果可以這麼說，裝添彈藥來擁護已經決定的事。

The other side of the story, the one that I am closer to, is that the think tanks can play a role in keeping debates alive, that the sides of the debate over the last, in this case, I’m going to talk about the last 30 years or so, the sides have a stake in how the next generation learns what happened, and why it happened, especially if the debates are very close in the outcome.
另一種觀點，也就是我比較熟悉的，就是智庫可以保持辯論的活躍性，使得在過去的，以目前的這個例子而言，過去的30年來，辯論的雙方都能有機會讓他們的下一代學習所發生的事，以及為什麼會發生，尤其是如果辯論的結果是非常接近的。

The winning side has a stake and say, “we won fair and square, there was no real opposition, and besides, they’re all dead.” The think tank can say, actually, there was this debate, or there were many debates, here’s what the issues were; it was a close call, and now that 20 or 30 years have gone by, perhaps the wrong side won.
勝利的一方有機會說：“我們贏得光明正大，沒有真正的對立，而且，他們都已死了。”智囊團可以說，實際上，那時有一個辯論，或有許多的辯論，以下是辯論的爭議事項；辯論的結果是很接近的。而如今，20年或30年已過去了，或許錯誤的一方贏了。

And so, you, the next generation people, should be aware of what that debate was about, because it might come around again. So I thought that today I would rehearse for you some of the debates that have taken place about Taiwan’s securities, and I am going to indicate the winners and the losers. At the [same] time, I’ll leave it to you, and to Mark Stokes and Misha Auslan, to talk about whether or not the debates need to be revisited. In fact, crisis events may cause it to be revisited.
所以，你們這些下一代的人啊，你們應該要知道當時是為了什麼而爭論，因為它可能會再次發生。所以我想，今天我要複述給你們，一些已經發生的，有關台灣安全的辯論；而我會指出當時的贏家和輸家。[同]時，我將讓你們，還有馬克斯托克斯和米沙奧斯林，談談此辯論是否需要重新審查。事實上，危機事件可能會導致它被重新審查。

(7:51) The first issue, in all of the debates and in all facts, they are not usually opinions. People don’t say, “I love Taiwan, you hate Taiwan.” You never get that kind in a debate. It’s over facts. First big debate was very striking. It happened in 1949. It was whether or not Taiwan had any strategic military value to United States.
第一個問題是，在所有的辯論，並在所有的事實上，所辯論的通常不是意見。人們不會說“我愛台灣，你恨台灣，”你從來不會聽到這樣的辯論。一切辯論都是在爭論事實。當時的第一次的大辯論是非常醒目的。這是發生在1949年的，關於台灣是否對美國有任何軍事戰略的價值。

And the Joint Chiefs of Staff wrote a memo, saying the answer is “no”. And the Secretary of State made an announcement, the President agreed, “We will not defend Taiwan. If Beijing wanted to take it by force, we will not defend them.” That became the first fact, and the issue of Taiwan’s value, in a strategic sense, to United States: the answer is “no”.
參謀長聯席會議寫了一份備忘錄，說答案是“沒有價值”。國務卿也公佈，總統同意的，“我們不會保衛台灣。如果北京希望用武力去拿取台灣，我們不會保護他們”。這成為了第一個事實：台灣對美國在戰略意義上的價值，答案是 “沒有價值”。

Then, the Chinese military was ordered by Chairman Mao to start an invasion, which they did; it failed. And one of President Xi Jinping’s closest military advisers of the day, who became famous about 10 years ago, his name is General Liu Yazhou, wrote an article, a blockbuster of an article, and, about 2005, saying, the reason we failed in 1949 and 1950, was we were inadequately prepared, we underestimated Taiwan’s military forces, and he gave a very detailed account of attacking before you’re prepared, and how the PLA must never do this again, even if ordered by the civilians to attack.
然後，中國軍方的毛主席下令開始入侵(台灣)，他們做了，但是失敗了。而當今習近平最親密的軍事顧問，他大約10年前出名，他的名字是劉亞洲將軍，在2005年左右，寫了一篇文章，重量級的文章。他說，我們1949年和1950年失敗的原因，是因為我們準備不足，我們低估了台灣的軍事力量。他給了一個未準備前就攻擊的非常詳細的介紹，以及解放軍如何絕不能再次這樣，即使是平民下令的攻擊。

(9:34) The second big fact that was debated at the time, ran throughout the 50’s. Shall we put American nuclear weapons on Taiwan or not? Some said, “no”. The winners were those who said “yes”. American nuclear weapons should go to Taiwan, and be kept at CC Air Force Base, with jet fighters that [were] delivered [to] them against various targets on the mainland. The Chinese know all about this; they write about it; they didn’t discuss the two crises.
當時辯論的第二大的事實，風行了整個50年代: “我們要不要把美國的核武器設置在台灣？”有的人說，“不要”。贏了辯論的是那些說“要”的人。他們主張，美國的核武器應拿去台灣，留在清泉崗空軍基地，和為了對付大陸上的各種目標而輸送與他們的噴射式戰鬥機在一起。中國人都知道這一點；他們都有寫出來，[但是]他們沒有討論這兩個危機。

And early in the third debate, took place in 1954, “Shall we have a security treaty with Taiwan?” Some said no, this would provoke China; it’s unnecessary; Taiwan’s strategic value is very limited. They lost. The President and the Senate approved the security treaty with Taiwan, and this caused two important things to happen, that are still with us again, in 2014.
第三次辯論初期發生在1954年：“我們要不要與台灣簽一個安全條約？” 有的說，不行，這會激怒中國，這是不必要的，台灣的戰略價值是非常有限的。這些人輸了。總統和參議院批准了與台灣的安全條約。這導致兩個重要的事情發生，而這兩件事到今天的2014年，仍然伴隨著我們。

A General, sometimes an Admiral, because seapower is very important, was established in Taiwan with a very large war-planning and war-fighting team; it’s called the Taiwan Defense Command. So Taiwan’s military and ours was integrated into the entire U.S. Defense Department and the Pacific Command. We did exercises together. According to a number of articles, we had joint war plans, at one point, Colonel Stokes did the amazing, historical detective work and found out the mean of the war plan. No, I’m not gonna say it.
一個將軍，有時是一個海軍上將，因為海權是非常重要的，在台灣又成立具有非常大的戰爭計劃和作戰隊伍；它被稱為台灣防禦司令部。所以，台灣的軍事和我們的軍事被整合到整個美國國防部和太平洋司令部。我們一起演習。根據一些文章，我們也有聯合的戰爭計劃。其中，斯托克斯中校做了一個了不起的歷史偵查工作，並發現了作戰計劃的意義。不，我不會說出來。

And there started a period, where Taiwan and the United States had a normal, defense security relationship. And that meant a second General, an American General had an office and a team (11:43) in Taiwan. He was the head of the military assistance command, and he and his large team worked with the Taiwan military to decide what kind of jet fighters, what kind of ships, what kinds of equipment should Taiwan buy, or be given, by the United States. Now Beijing noticed this. So fast forwarding to the talks that went on in the 70’s (12:07), or recognition of United States by China.
從那時起有一陣子，台灣和美國有一個正常的國防安全的關係。而這意味著，有第二個將軍，一位美國將軍有一個辦公室和一個團隊在台灣。他是軍事援助命令的指揮官，他和他的大團隊與台灣軍方決定台灣應該買，或美國應該給台灣什麼樣的戰鬥機，什麼樣的船，什麼樣的設備。這時刻，北京注意到了這一點。我們現在轉向在70年代的會談，或者中國有注意到美國。

One of the things that China insisted on: these two offices must be closed. Not just the U.S. Embassy must be closed, not just official ties; these two offices, these two Generals and their teams that are integrating Taiwan’s military into the American national defense system must be withdrawn. Nobody can be there, no uniforms, and ideally, they would like the two structures, two buildings destroyed. President Carter did this; future President George Bush criticized him on Christmas Eve, 1979, very famous Washington Post op-ed piece. Father George H.W. Bush said, I disapprove of what Jimmy Carter has done, he could have had the same deal, it was a bad deal many years ago. And a couple of days later, the State Department of China Desk Director also went off the op-ed piece, saying this is a bad deal.
其中一件中國堅持的事：這兩個辦事處都必須關閉。不只是美國大使館一定要關閉，不只是正式官方關係；這兩個辦事處，這兩個將軍和他們與台灣軍方和美國的國家防禦系統所聯合的團隊都必須被撤銷。沒有人可以在那裡，沒有制服，他們希望這兩個結構，兩座建築物都被毀滅掉最好。卡特總統照這樣做；後來美國布希總統在1979年的聖誕節前夕，在非常著名的華盛頓郵報的專欄作品上批評他。老布希說，我不贊成吉米·卡特所做的，他本來可以做同樣的交易，多年前的這個(交易)是一個很糟糕的協議。而幾天後，國務院的中國辦公室主任，也在專欄上說這是一個糟糕的協議。

(13:17) So the debate shifted then, to, are the terms of the agreement of the U.S.-China diplomatic recognition, to everybody in America almost agrees as a wonderful diplomatic recognition, you have to recognize reality. But, the narrow, detailed terms of how Taiwan would be treated were not revealed by either the U.S. Government, or the Taiwan Government, or Beijing. And a very interesting thing happened: a Senator named Gordon Humphrey and the Executive Director of the Heritage Foundation, Ed Feulner, flew to Taiwan, and they said there is going to be a Taiwan Relations Act draft.
因此，辯論接著轉移到，承認美中外交的協議條款，以及在美國的每個人幾乎都同意，要承認一個美妙的外交，你不得不承認現實。但是，要如何處理台灣的狹窄，詳細條款，美國政府也好，台灣政府也好，或是北京，都沒有透露。還有一個非常有趣的事情發生了：一個名為戈登·漢弗萊的參議員和美國傳統基金會的執行主任，愛德福爾納，飛抵台灣，說將會有一個台灣關係法的草案。

It doesn’t mention military security, doesn’t mention sales of armed forces equipment, doesn’t mention preparation for crisis; all the things that we know in the Taiwan Relations Act were ultimately passed, were not in that first draft from President Carter’s White House. So the idea of Heritage’s first director and Senator Humphrey and the delegation that went, was to get Taiwan’s government to say something about “we oppose this diplomatic recognition agreement and the terms that are in it”. Taiwan said no. And Ed Feulner gave, and on the record, [an] angry press conference, with the immortal two sentences, still with us today: “We Americans can’t be more Catholic than the Pope”, which is hard to translate into Chinese, I am not sure people in Taiwan understood this, and, “We can’t demand a full loaf, if Taiwan’s government’s gonna settle for half a loaf”.
它[台灣關係法的草案]沒有提到軍事安全，沒有提及銷售軍隊設備，並沒有提及危機準備；所有我們知道最終被通過的台灣關係法的事，並沒有出現在卡特總統的白宮的第一稿。因此，傳統基金會的第一任主任和參議員漢弗萊和他們的代表團去台灣的主要原因，是讓台灣政府有機會說類似“我們反對[美中]這個外交承認的協議和其條款”的說詞。台灣拒絕說。所以埃德福爾納，在[一個] 憤怒的新聞記者會上有紀錄，說了兩句不朽的話，如今也還仍然[應用得到]：“我們美國人不能比教皇更像天主教徒”，這是很難翻譯成中文的。我不知道當時的台灣人有沒有明白這一點。福爾納並說：“我們不能要求一整條的麵包，如果台灣政府認為半條就夠了”。

So, in the Taiwan Relations Act debate, there were a number of amendments proposed, that had to do with better terms in the treatment of Taiwan. They all failed; they failed by a few votes in the Senate. Taiwan’s government had said, don’t do this, we will not support these stronger steps in the Taiwan Relations Act to protect our security.
所以，在台灣關係法的辯論中，有許多項的修訂提議，有關給台灣更優厚的待遇。 他們全都失敗了；他們在參議院差失幾票。台灣政府當時曾表示，不要這麼做，我們不會要支持台灣關係法用來保護我們的安全的這些更強的措施。

(15:32) If you fast forward to the testimony…let me go back for a few seconds to the military value of Taiwan. In the testimony for the Taiwan Relations Act, the American Admiral who had been the head of the Taiwan Defense Command that I had mentioned to you testified, he was asked, do we have, do we think there was any military value to Taiwan? And Admiral Ed Snyder said, in public, “Yes, Sir! I believe Taiwan is equal to 10 aircraft carriers!” Ten aircraft carriers!
如果你快速進到證詞…讓我倒退幾秒鐘來說明台灣的軍事價值。在討論台灣關係法的聽證會上，我剛剛向你們提起的美國在台灣的台灣防禦司令部的海軍上將，有人問他，我們可有認為台灣有任何軍事價值嗎？海軍上將埃德·斯奈德，在公眾場合當場，說，“是的，先生！我相信台灣是等於10艘航空母艦！” 10艘航空母艦！

(16:08) Another witness was then, American professor at Penn State, now he was more famous in Taiwan as a member, former member of the parliament, Parris Chang. He was asked, “do you think there should be American preparations in our Taiwan Relations Act, [which] should mention crisis diplomacy, enable to stop a boycott, being able to stop an embargo”, it’s a kind of plaintive question. Parris Chang said, yes, I do. That was put into the Act.
另一位證人，當時在賓州大學的美國教授，現在是在台灣比較出名的，…前國會的成員，張旭成。有人問他，“你覺得美國是不是應該在我們的台灣關係法，提到危機外交，準備可以停止抵制，停止禁運？”這其實是一個哀怨的問題。張旭成說，是的，我覺得應該。這被放入該法案。

So the Congress toughened the Taiwan Relations Act, but not as much as what the American military officers were testifying. Then the Carter Administration asked Michael Armacost, the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Defense for East Asia and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, “What about this military value of Taiwan issue?” And they said no; they said there is no strategic value to Taiwan. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, David Jones, wrote a letter saying that, which is part of the record. The testimony of Michael Armacost says the main threat to Asia today is to Soviet Union, and Taiwan is of no value, and that threads the scenario (?).
因此，國會增強了台灣關係法，但並沒增強到像美國軍官所作證的程度。然後，卡特政府問邁克爾·阿馬科斯特，美國國防部負責東亞的副助理國務卿和參謀首長聯席會議主席，“有關台灣軍事價值的問題呢？”他們說沒有；他們說台灣沒有戰略價值。參謀首長聯席會議大衛瓊斯主席寫了一封信，這是記錄所說的的一部分。邁克爾·阿馬科斯特的證詞說，今天在亞洲的威脅主要是針對蘇聯，台灣是沒有價值的。所以這連結了此情況。

So now, if you are following my idea of the think tank, that think tanks keep alive debates, debates are sometimes over facts; facts can be (17:30 in audio; 18:02 in video) in dispute, and then they can be suppressed later. When we fast forward to just a few years ago, Ray Burghardt gave a press conference, and said he had never heard, he was asked, these talks about Ma Ying-Jeou and the mainland, could they go too far? Are you Americans concerned about the loss of Taiwan to the mainland? And Ray Burghardt said, AIT put it up on their public website. He said something like, in my entire career in the U.S. government for 30 years, I have never heard of the idea of Taiwan as an unsinkable aircraft carrier, or have any military strategic value to the United States.
現在，如果你有跟著我的智囊團辯論的想法、辯論有時討論的是事實、事實是可以有爭議性的，然後這些事實是可以稍後被抑制住的。當我們快速轉到僅僅幾年前，薄瑞光給了一個新聞記者會，有人問他，關於馬英九和大陸的會談，會進展多遠，他說他從來沒有聽說過。[另一個問題]你們美國人會不會對失去台灣給大陸而擔憂？薄瑞光說，美國在台協會有把它po在它的公開網站。他這樣說，自我在美國政府的整個職業生涯的30年來，我從來都未曾聽到把台灣作為一個不沉的航空母艦的想法，或[台灣]對美國有任何軍事戰略價值。

(18:10) So, when we come to today, Seth, this basic debate continues: does Taiwan’s military connection, if you want to call it that, for lack of a better term, with the United States, does it matter to us or not? Is this something we do because people in Taiwan wanna buy weapons or because some pressure from the Taiwan Relations Act? I submit that that debate is still going on. The second big debate, this is the only one I am trying to cover, in a matter of a couple remaining minutes, the second biggest debate that has been going on, again, goes back to 1949, it’s over the intentions and capabilities of China.
所以，當我們走到今天，賽斯，這個基本的爭論仍在繼續：台灣與美國的軍事聯繫，因為沒有更好的術語，如果可以如此稱呼它，台灣與美國的的軍事聯繫對我們要不要緊？我們要跟台灣有軍事聯繫，是因為台灣想向我們購買武器，或者是因為從台灣關係法的一些壓力？我認為這場辯論仍在繼續中。第二個大辯論，這是唯一一個我在剩下的幾分鐘要試圖敘述的事。這第二大辯論，再一次，要追溯到1949年，辯論有關中國的意圖和能力。

(19:02) And, generally speaking, the winning side has said, China faces grave internal economic and other problems. China can never, it’s inconceivable, that China can pull even with the United States or surpass it, in terms of overall economic power. That cannot happen. Number two, the youth in China and many moderates, believe deeply in democracy. They translate the works of James Madison, there was advocacy in the 80’s of balance of power and national election system, and these forces, as long as we don’t disturb them, …they are inevitably going to turn China into, …possibly America’s best friend in history. A second England, a special relationship, a sort of a quasi ally, and therefore, there is a third part to this line of thinking.
大致上來說，勝利的一方曾表示，中國面臨著嚴重的國內經濟和其他問題。中國永遠不能，這是不可想像的，在整體經濟實力方面上和與美國扯平，或甚至超越美國。這是不能發生的。第二點，中國的年青人和許多溫和派的人都深信民主。他們翻譯詹姆斯·麥迪遜的作品。在’80年代時，有倡導權力的平衡和國家選舉制度，而這些力量，只要我們不要擾亂它們，......它們將不可避免地會把中國轉成，...可能是美國在歷史上最好的朋友。好像第二個英格蘭，一種特殊的關係，一種準盟友，因此，這個思路還有一個第三點。

Therefore, what should we do? Not only not provoke China, about nationalistic matters, like Taiwan, we should also help China. We should accept their exports, we should establish over 100 scientific exchange agreements in which we provide, for free, the results of American scientific findings, we should open an office of our National Science Foundation in Beijing, because China made clear very early in ’78, that what they wanted most from us, was science and technology, number one; number two, investment, which has been an enormous—more than 20 times in China than in India for the last 25 years.
所以，我們應該怎樣做？不但不該招惹中國，有關民族主義的事宜，如台灣，我們也應該幫助中國。我們應該接受他們的出口[物]、建立超過100個科學交流協議，並且免費的提供美國科學發現的結果、在北京設一個我們的國家科學基金會的辦公室，因為中國在’78年的非常早期時就明確[的表態]，他們最想從我們這裡得到的，就是，第一，科學技術；第二，投資，這一直是一個巨大的投資，在過去的25年來在中國比在印度超過了20倍。

So that was the three part set of, almost factual assumptions. And they are not going to amount to anything. Now, the Financial Times, two weeks ago, covered a story: World Bank new data says that China, this year, will surpass the United States, in economic strength measured in the so-called purchasing power parity. China denies this; China says, no, we can’t; it’s not true. Official World Bank study on the front page of the Financial Times. Number two, yes, there are forces for democracy in China; they must be in there somewhere. Every time we have a new leader, there are scholars that write op-eds, this is it; this man is going to reform this place, have elections, multiple parties. So, I’m sure that they are right, but it could be 100 years.
所以這是三個幾乎是事實的假設。[不過]這三點其實是不會成氣候的。現在，金融時報在兩週前，報導了一個故事：世界銀行新的數據說，中國今年在所謂的購買力平價衡量的經濟實力將超過美國。中國否認這一點；中國說，不，我們不能；這不是真的。世界銀行的官方研究，[刊在]金融時報的頭版。第二，是的，中國是有民主的力量；這畢竟必須存在那裡的某個地方。每當[他]們有一個新的領導人，就有學者寫專欄文章，這就是了；此新的領導人將要改革這個地方，這裡將會有選舉，會有多黨化。所以，我肯定，他們是正確的，但可能是100年後的事。

(21:47) This debate affects decisions at the presidential level about arms sales to Taiwan. So, the last debate, I am going to mention very briefly was, … in the Clinton administration, and I am afraid Lt. Colonel Stokes was involved deeply in this, Kurt Campbell was the Deputy Assistant Secretary [of Defense], I made a speech on it, which was cleared by the Secretary of Defense to be made public, apparently the Clinton administration had a secret program after the two carrier crisis in ’96, to begin direct ties with the Taiwan military, under the slogan “software not hardware”. And talks began in the California seaside fishing town called Monterey, and in the speech that was approved by the DOD, I list all the things that Mark Stokes, Randy Schriver, Kurt Campbell successfully did. When the Bush administration came in, Secretary Rumsfeld was pleasantly surprised by all this, and he continued, and expanded it.
這個對台軍售的爭論有影響到總統所作的決策。所以，最後的辯論，我要很簡單的提一下，我恐怕斯托克斯中校有深深的涉及到的，就是，當庫爾特·坎貝爾是[國防部]的副助理國務卿時，我做了一個演講，其中國防部長有允許我公開說，就是在’96年，在兩個航空母艦危機之後，克林頓政府有一個秘密計劃，計劃開始與台灣軍方有直接關係，用的口號是“軟體” 、不是”硬體“。在加州海邊的一個漁村小鎮叫蒙特利的地方開始會談。在國防部批准的發言上，我列出了所有馬克·斯托克斯，蘭迪薛瑞福，庫爾特·坎貝爾成功地做到的事。當布希政府進來時，美國國防部長拉姆斯菲爾德對這一切都感到愉快地驚訝，並且他繼續又把它擴大。

(22:54) Now, those who have been worried about provoking China, setting back our relationship, they got the idea that this contact with Taiwan’s military, immediate advice to them, what kind of weapon systems they should buy, what kind of training, even setting up an office of net assessment in the Taiwan Defense Ministry, and strategic planning office, having civilians be appointed for continuity, all of this advice began with President Clinton, according to the critics, was restoring the U.S.-China security treaty relationship, thereby betraying the agreements that Jimmy Carter had made, and this was happening when Taiwan’s president was seeking to stopover or visit people in Washington. So, to the Chinese, it appeared to be a part of a conspiracy; the Americans were betraying the arrangements that they had successfully made with Jimmy Carter. (24:00) So, I would say, this part of the debate prevailed. Their case was successful. They said these kinds of activities have to be so very limited.
現在，那些一直擔心刺激中國，退化我們跟中國的關係的人，他們的想法是，與台灣軍方這樣的接觸，隨時的建議他們，應該買什麼樣的武器系統，什麼樣的訓練，甚至在台灣國防部成立淨評估網評和戰略規劃辦公室，任命平民以保持連續性；據批評，這一切由克林頓總統開始的建議，恢復了美中安全條約的關係，從而背叛了吉米·卡特所作的協議；這都是當台灣總統正在要停留或參觀華盛頓時發生的。因此，對中國來說，它似乎是一個陰謀的一部分；美國人出賣了他們成功地與吉米·卡特所作的安排。所以，可以說，這部分的辯論佔了上風。他們的論點成功了。他們說，這些類型的動作都必須被限制住。

And in 2004, an American Defense Department official testified to the Congress that he hoped, for Taiwan security to be improved, there were two things, actually three things, he hoped would be done, this was 10 years ago. Number one, Taiwan’s military services would be inter-operable with each other, which they weren’t. Number two, Taiwan’s military services would become inter-operable with United States military, which they weren’t. Number three, that other Asian nations, unnamed, would become inter-operable also with Taiwan’s military forces. So that’s where the debate was, the DOD official told the Congress, I wish these three things would happen. The other side, the winning side, says no, this is the way to provoke Beijing and turn them into an enemy forever, thereby setting back those forces of democracy.
10年前，也就是2004年，一位美國國防部官員向國會作證表示，要讓台灣的安全得到改善，他希望有兩件事，實際上是三件事能夠達成。第一，台灣軍事服務自己要可以互相操作；他們不能。第二，台灣軍事服務要能與美國的軍事互相操作；他們不能。第三，其他亞洲不命名國家，也可以與台灣的軍事力量互相操作。所以辯論就是在辯論這個，美國國防部官員告訴國會，我希望這三件事情會發生。另一邊，勝利的一方，說不行，這會激怒北京，把他們變成一個永遠的敵人，使民主的力量倒退。

So these debates, I maintain, are still with us today. … I heard that the Deputy Secretary of State speak last night, used an interesting adjective about China,…. He’s a man of peace, he’s been in charge of Iranian secret talks, he’s a current foreign service officer, and people who had his position in the past have spoken in an extremely positive way about China: cooperation, responsible stake holder, there’s a number of these expressions that have been used by the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of State over the years.
因此，這些爭論，我想，今天仍然伴隨著我們。昨晚我聽到副國務卿，使用了一個有趣的形容詞來形容中國。這個副國務卿其實是一個和平的人；他負責過和伊朗的密談；他目前也是一個外交官員。過去做過副國務卿的人都用非常良好的方式來形容中國：合作，負責任的權益持有方。多年來的國務卿和副國務卿都用許多這樣的詞彙。

Last night, Deputy Secretary [of State] Burns called China “pugnacious”. Well, folks, I often wince on how to translate things into Mandarin, that will be meaningful to you, but I’m afraid it comes to close to 侵略性 , which means aggressive, in the sense of Adolf Hitler’s侵略性. This is not friendly. So I maintain that the role of think tanks in Washington, D.C., and we here at Hudson are, I think, are doing this, we want to study, and I, myself am writing a study that is now so-called the hidden history of U.S.-China-Taiwan relations, what actually happened. Many documents are still classified; I have requested to the various presidential libraries; others are working on this as well. But the younger generation, I think, should not assume that they know the whole story of U.S.-China relations.
昨晚，副國務卿伯恩斯稱中國“好鬥”。好吧，鄉親們，我經常不知要如何將東西翻譯成讓你們能了解的中文而扮鬼臉，但是我恐怕他的意思是接近”侵略性”，也就是攻擊性很強，好像希特勒的侵略性的感覺一樣。這不是友好的。所以，我認為智囊團在華盛頓特區，還有哈德森在這裡的角色，是…我們要研究到底發生了什麼。我本人正在寫一份研究報告，目前所謂的叫做美國、中國、與台灣關係的隱藏的歷史。許多文件仍然是機密文件。我已要求各總統圖書館；其他人也正在研究這個。但年輕的一代，我認為，不應該假設他們知道美國與中國關係的整個故事。

Why did father Bush, President H.W. Bush attack Jimmy Carter, Christmas Eve, 1979? What is Taiwan’s strategic value? What does China think about all this? What do they relate to us? And they have conveyed one message very consistently; two generals have written about it. They said China’s core interest in Taiwan is not all of Taiwan; it’s not Taiwan’s businessmen, it’s not hurting Taiwan somehow; it’s only one thing: the Taiwan independent’s forces. They used the words “independent’s forces” to say this is the cause of war. We will use force if Taiwan’s independent’s forces prevail. So, the debate that I don’t have time to go in to, Seth, is what exactly are the Taiwan independent’s forces, that Beijing has been warning now, for more than 10 years that are the cause of war, if they succeed? Thank you. (27:55)
1979年的聖誕節前夕，為什麼老布希總統要攻擊吉米·卡特呢？什麼是台灣的戰略價值？中國對這一切的意見是什麼？這一切和我們有什麼關係？他們已經非常一致的傳達了一個消息；兩位將軍又寫了關於它的事。他們說，中國對台灣的核心目的並不是台灣的所有：不是台灣的商人，也不是要以某種方式傷害台灣。中國對台灣只有一件事：台灣獨立的勢力。他們用的字眼是“獨立的勢力”說這是戰爭的原因。如果台灣獨立的勢力佔上風，我們將使用武力。所以，我沒有時間去討論的辯論是，到底，如果成功了，這個北京已經警告了超過10年的，會是戰爭的原因的台灣獨立的勢力是什麼？謝謝。 （27:55）

Cropsey 克羅波西

Michael, before we proceed, … in your historical research or review, how far back, when is the first, in U.S. expression, of what you would regard as, true American…strategic interest to Taiwan? How far back do you go to to find a coherent, articulate, sensible statement of American strategic interest?
白博士，在我們繼續前，...在你的歷史研究或審查， 最早美國對台灣的戰略興趣是何時開始的？資料要回頭多久才能找到一個連貫的，清晰的，合理的說法[解釋]美國[對台灣的]戰略利益？

Michael Pillsbury白瑞邦博士

Well, there are two moments. One is our interest in Taiwan island itself, as a piece of real estate, I might say, and that’s about 1943, when the bombing of Taiwan by the United States was seen as part of the effort to embargo, to choke off Japan, and be the success of World War II. Taiwan was part of that story, and the real estate, the location, and its air spaces, was considered strategically important by United States. The other part of the Taiwan story has been the political movement of forces, the Kuo-Min-Tang party. And this was another massive debate. It has been covered by a professor out at the Naval Academy. He has written two books on it. I think they are both Yale University Press. He has mined the record; his name is Yu-Maochun. Professor Yu in Annapolis has mined the records of World War II showed an enormous American debate about shall we favor the Chinese Communist Party, or shall we favor the Nationalist Party. And that debate still continues today. (29:54)
嗯，有兩個時刻。一個是我們對台灣島本身，作為一塊領土的興趣；這是大約1943年，當台灣被美國轟炸，一部分是努力的為了禁運，防止日本，並成為二戰的成功一戰。台灣是這故事的一部分，而這塊土地的位置和它在空中的空間，被美國認為是具有重要的戰略意義。台灣故事的另一部分，就是國民黨的政治運動的力量。這是另一個巨大的爭論。一個在海軍學校的教授曾提到過，並出版了兩本書。我想都是耶魯大學出版社的書。他尋找了非常多的資料。他的名字叫余茂村 [譯音]。余教授在安納波利斯尋找的二戰的記錄顯示了大量的美國辯論，辯論”我們要看好中國共產黨，還是我們贊成國民黨?”。而這爭論至今仍在延續。

When I was a graduate student, I went to Taiwan for two years to learn Chinese, I was warned by my professors, “you shouldn’t do that. If you visit Taiwan, they will destroy your relationship with China.” In Taiwan, government has been portrayed, by this side, as corrupt, a loss of civil war, fair and square, and the U.S. should not have been involve in, what’s called, the loss of China. That’s how Eisenhower actually became president. There is a brand new documentary now on PBS by Evan Thomas, on Eike’s Secret War, and it has this section on just how important George Marshall and who lost China, how important that debate was. Eisenhower chose not to back George Marshall, in the famous speech in Wisconsin, as a candidate with …Joe McCarthy’s car right behind him. It was a strategic debate over, is the Nationalist Party of China important to the United States, or is it corrupt, and the loss of civil war fair and square, and therefore, Communist China is where our interests lie.
當我還是一名研究生時，我去台灣學中文兩年。我的教授警告我，說， “你不應該這樣做。你若去台灣，他們會破壞你與中國的關係”。在台灣，他們的政府被這邊[中國的政府]描述為敗壞，內戰正大光明的輸家，美國不應該涉及所謂的遺失的中國。這就是艾森豪如何成為了總統。現在在PBS有一個全新的，埃文·湯馬斯的的紀錄片，報導埃克 [艾森豪] 的秘密戰爭，其中有一段敘說喬治馬歇爾是多麼的重要，以及誰失去了中國，和這場辯論是多麼的重要。在威斯康星州的著名的演說，艾森豪以候選人的身分，參議員喬·麥卡錫的車在他後面，艾森豪選擇不贊助喬治·馬歇爾。這是一個戰略性的辯論，辯論說，中國國民黨對美國來說，重不重要？或者是，中國國民黨是腐敗的，他們內戰輸的光明正大，因此，中國共產黨才是我們的利益的所在。

So we have both the real estate, and the distinction between the Communist Chinese Party as our partner and friend, and by the way, in 1944, 45, we began to provide the SIGINT (signals intelligence) equipment to the Chinese Communist Party. OSS [Office of Strategic Services]  went up to the base, some declassified documents showed that the Chinese asked quite a few, the Chinese, Mao, himself, …asked for weapons; they wanted to go up to Washington and meet President Roosevelt, they wanted to become America’s ally against Japan, and they wanted SIGINT collection of equipment. So, in 1944, 45, there is a debate in our embassy in China, and these officers were ultimately kicked out of the Foreign Service. The Foreign Services officers went up there, and the invitation was somehow lost, the day they’d come to visit President Roosevelt (32:02).
所以，我們有這塊領土，和有中國共產黨作為我們的合作夥伴和朋友的特性，順便說一下，在1944、45年時，我們開始提供SIGINT(信號情報) 設備給中國共產黨。 戰略情報局上了基地，一些解密的文件顯示，中國要求的不少；中國，毛澤東本身，...要求武器；他們想要去華盛頓見羅斯福總統；他們想成為美國對日本的盟友；他們還希望收集情報信號的設備。所以，在1944、45年時，我們在中國的大使館裡有一個辯論，而在那裡的這些官員最後被踢出了外交部：外交官員去拜訪羅斯福總統的那天，邀請卡被莫名其妙地弄丟了（32:02）。

And this became a huge issue in American election politics in 1952. Everybody in the country knew about the George Marshall mission for almost a year to go to China. The Chinese Communist, being agrarian reformers, and therefore our potential friends, who would be bringing democracy, and the Chiang Kai-shek Kuo-Min-Tang, being fairly evil. So this split our debate on China, I would say for almost 30 years. One role of think tanks is to keep it alive, and Professor Yu… has spent many years in American archives of USS and the State Department, his two books bring out what happened. And his main theme is the Chinese manipulated this debate. They had espionage access to the American government; and they knew how to affect the debate. So it goes way back, to ‘33, ‘34.
這成為1952年美國大選的政治上的一個巨大的問題。在國內，大家都知道喬治·馬歇爾被派遣去中國一年。中國共產黨，身為土地改革者，因而是我們可能的朋友，他們將會帶來民主；而蔣介石的國民黨，則是相當邪惡的。所以這個分裂了我們對中國的辯論，我會說，分裂了將近30年。智囊團的作用之一是要保持辯論，使它繼續下去。余教授...... 花了很多年的時間在美國參議院和國務院的美國檔案館裡，他的兩本書揭示發生了什麼。他的主題是，中國操縱了這場辯論。他們有間諜活動滲入了美國政府；他們知道要如何影響辯論。所以這要追索到1933、'34。

………

Mark Stokes 馬克 斯托克斯 (33:23)

Dr. Pillsbury, just to clarify the… two debates, just wanted to make sure I understand, (Pillsbury: ‘cause you’re the think tank too, your role is to keep us alive; history is still with us) …could I just please change my presentation (you can’t do that…)…this is interesting. (33:42) The two debates are, what is the value of Taiwan to the United States, U.S. interest, and secondly, what is really the driving force behind Chinese Communist Party policies in the Asia Pacific region. Okay, these, I agree 100 percent. I first met Dr. Pillsbury in 1995, when I was just leaving, when I was the assistant air attache in Beijing. And, Dr. Pillsbury, when you are in Beijing, at the Embassy, especially as a young air force captain, you…aren’t quite aware of who’s who, backgrounds and things. I find him to have a very pleasant personality and since that point, couple of years on the air staff, doing the war planning, and he eventually popped up to work for Secretary Cohen and his staff and Dr. Campbell in the Clinton administration on managing U.S. defense policy towards China and Taiwan and eventually under the Bush administration for seven years, even though, seven years, Dr. Pillsbury was a valued and esteemed advisor. (34:50)
白博士，只是要澄清一下......兩次的辯論，只是想確認我理解， （白博士： '因為你也是智囊團...你的角色是要讓我們繼續下去，歷史還是在） ......我能不能改變我的簡報（你不能這樣做... ） ...這太有趣了。  33:42 ）這兩個爭論是，台灣對美國的利益有什麼價值。其次，中國共產黨在亞太地區的政策背後的驅動力到底是什麼。好了，這些，我同意了100％。我第一次見到白博士時，是在1995年，當時我是在北京，正要離開助理空軍武官。而且，白博士，當你在北京的大使館時，特別是作為一個年輕的空軍上尉，你並不是很清楚誰是誰、背景和其他。我發現他有一個非常爽快的個性，並自那時，作了幾年的空中參謀人員，策劃戰爭計劃，並且他最終跑去克林頓政府的秘書科恩和他的工作人員、還有坎貝爾博士在處理美國對中國和台灣的國防政策的工作，直到最後，在布希政府下待了七年。…白博士是一個受重視和尊敬的顧問。 （ 34:50 ）

Two, three, four times a week, It was fantastic, and until this day, his analytical skills and his innovation, his way of looking at things, his ability to communicate, have been just invaluable in terms of helping others to understand some very complex issues. But, I like these two debates. …I also like the fact that you so distinguished between the objective reality or facts, and subjective analysis, or subjective reasoning. And starting off, in looking at both of these issues, here’s a statement of facts, objective reality; (35:30) and that’s, Taiwan, under existing Republic of China’s constitution, under the current ROC constitution, exists as an independent sovereign state. This is an objective fact; objective reality. I challenge anybody to question that. Yet, people don’t think about it, but it is. You have two legitimate governments on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. One, the People’s Republic of China, and the other one, Republic of China. (35:59)
每週二、三、四次，極好的，並且直到現在，他的分析能力和他的創新力、他看待事物的方式、他的溝通能力，都一直是難能可貴的用來幫助別人理解一些非常複雜的問題。不過，我喜歡這兩個爭論。...我也喜歡你對客觀的現實或事實，和主觀的分析或主觀的推理之間的區別。從看著這兩個問題，下面是事實的陳述，客觀的現實，也就是，台灣，根據現有的中華民國的憲法下，[或]根據現行的中華民國憲法，是以一個獨立的主權國家的型態而存在的。這是一個客觀的事實，客觀的現實。我挑戰任何質疑這點的人。然而，大家並不會去想這個，但這是[客觀的現實]。台灣海峽的兩岸有兩個合法的政府。一個就是中國的人民共和國，以及另外一個就是中華民國。 （ 35:59 ）

Everything else afterwards, is, in some sense, driven by some subjectivity in terms of analysis. And it has been this way since…1949, at least, when you’ve had two legitimate governments. And, so, when you look at these two debates, …and start off in this context, it’s quite helpful to…start from there. I said subjective reality, and that’s United States does not have diplomatic relationship with Taiwan; that is a political preference, that is based upon whatever reason of interest. Basically, fear…actually, it’s based on fear of the Chinese Communist Party and the PRC, because, when you look at the situation, you spend any degree of time both in Taipei and Beijing, or both sides of the Taiwan Strait, these are two separate governments; they are both legitimate. And, it seems, it makes sense. In an ideal world, we would have relationships with both sides; both you’d have; but for U.S. interest, it just doesn’t work that way. But let’s look at these two things: what is Taiwan’s strategic value to the United States? (37:12)
在這之後，在某種程度上，在分析方面，一切都是由主觀性而驅動的。而且1949年之後就一直這樣，至少，當你有兩個合法政府時。所以，當你看到這兩個爭論而從這些爭論開始，會是相當有幫助的。我說主觀的現實，那就是，美國其實沒有跟台灣有外交關係；這是一個政治的偏好，基於，無論什麼原因，某種利益。基本上，其實是恐懼-----這是基於對中國共產黨和中華人民共和國的恐懼。因為，當你看此情況，無論你花多少時間在台北和北京、或在台灣海峽的兩岸，這些都是兩個獨立的政府，他們都是合法的。而且，看起來，這是有道理的。在一個理想的世界裡，我們會與雙方有關係；雙方都有。但是；針對於美國的利益，這樣是行不通的。但讓我們來看看這兩件事：台灣對美國的戰略價值是什麼？

And what drives the Chinese foreign policies; there are many ways, depended upon fundamental assumptions that goes into this. That fundamental assumption…has to do with…the second, what drives Beijing’s policy. People tend to interpret Beijing’s foreign policy behaviors as driven by one of two things: Basic strategies—you know you have ideal vision; you know where you want to go when you go there, strategic, basic rational actor thinking model. People would look at this and use terminologies like island chains; first, second island chain; believe that Beijing’s foreign policies and military policies are driven by geostrategic factors. That’s sort of one school of thought in this debate. (37:57)
還有，是什麼驅動了中國的外交政策？有很多方法，要看用到哪個基本的假設。這個基本的假設推動了北京的政策，就是和第二件事有關。大家通常以兩種方式解釋驅動北京的外交政策行為：基本策略-----你知道你有理想的先見；當你到那裡時，你知道你要去那裡；戰略，基本理性行為者的思維模式。一般人會看這個，然後用像島鏈的詞句；第一、第二島鏈；以為北京的外交政策和軍事政策是由地緣政治因素而被驅動的。這大概是辯論的一邊的思想。 （37:57）

Second school of debate would be that China’s foreign policy behavior is driven by the nature of the political system; is driven by the nature of the Chinese Communist Party, fundamental insecurities that exist within. If you use, if you sort of play off the second aspect of the debate about Chinese foreign policy that is driven by the nature of the political system in the Chinese Communist Party, Taiwan’s importance in relevance, shoots way up, in a major major way. (38:24)…What really drives the foreign policy behavior is based on fear and …concerns over legitimacy. Political legitimacy, both domestically and internationally, ‘cause the two are very much connected. If that’s the fundamental perspective and drive for their behavior, then, Taiwan, in their view, is the most significant and existential threat, to the monopoly of the CCP holds on power within the People’s Republic of China.
辯論的另一種思想是，中國的外交政策的行為是由政治制度，和在中國共產黨內部本身的基本不安全感的本質所驅動。如果用這第二種想法來討論驅動中國的外交政策的動力，也就是中國共產黨的政治制度的本質，那台灣的相關重要性就大大的一路飆升。 （38:24）...真正驅動對外政策的行為，是基於有關合法性的恐懼和擔憂。也就是，在國內和國際上的政治合法性，因為兩個都很接近。如果此基本觀點是驅動他們行為的原因，那麼，在他們看來，台灣對中國共產黨在中國人民共和國境內所持有的獨佔的權力，會是最顯著和實體的威脅。

(38:53) Bar none. … It’s what I call [a core dash letter? (38:57)] rise above Tibet, a rise above Xinjiang. And so, Taiwan’s existence over democracy by itself, because…without saying a word, without doing anything, sends a signal to a lot of people …within China that it poses a significant challenge to the monopoly of the CCP, who has the power. Existential threat. So, what value does Taiwan have? It kind of depends on what brought up U.S. foreign policy. Is U.S. policy driven by interests or is it driven by principles?
沒有例外。這就是我所說的[?（38:57）]，比西藏和新疆更厲害。因此，台灣的存在，不用一句話，不用做任何事，單是民主本身的力量，就發出了信號給很多在中國的人。這個力量強到可以對中共所獨佔的權力帶來顯著的挑戰。所以，台灣有什麼樣的價值？這大概要看美國外交政策是由什麼因素促成的。美國的政策是由利益所推動的，還是由原則所驅動的？

(39:23) (If the U.S. has a value,) if the United States value the principles associated with, for example, with universal values or human rights and democracy, then one would place significant value on Taiwan. But it doesn’t always work out that way. In effect, what we have is, under the current policy of both sides of the Taiwan Strait, both the Chinese Communist Party and the Ma administration, which is democratically elected, is that, both adhere to the One-China principles. On Beijing side, there is one China, Taiwan is a part of one China, and PRC is the sole representative of China in the international community. This is the core of what they call the one country two systems approach, which has actually been around for quite a while. That precedes the Yen Jin Ying (?) (40:13) and things like these. That’s their core. So, their goal, is to be able to …forward their interest and legitimacy to subordinate the ROC or Taiwan internationally to the PRC. That is fundamental crux of the one country two system approach that they have.
如果美國有珍惜一些原則上的價值觀的話，例如，全世界都公認的價值觀，像人權和民主。如果這樣的話，那美國就會看重台灣。但是現實並不都是這樣。實際上，我們現在在台灣海峽兩邊的政策，也就是中國共產黨一邊、和由民主選舉而產生的馬政府一邊，這兩邊的政策都堅持一個中國的原則。北京方面認為，有一個中國，台灣是中國的一部分，而中華人民共和國是中國在國際社會的唯一代表。這就是他們所謂的一國兩制做法的核心；其實這已經實現了相當長的一段時間了。這比Yen Jin Ying [?] 和其他類此的還重要。這是他們的核心。所以，他們的目標，是要能把他們的興趣和合法性轉向中華民國或台灣，使中華民國或台灣在國際上會服從中國。這是他們的一國兩制觀點的基本要點。

(40:31) The Ma administration believes that there is one China; Taiwan is a part of the one China, and … one China means the ROC, period. That sounds incredible, but that’s just, it’s their policy. It helps in putting things in a different perspective. So, with this being the framework, you can imagine what the leaders in Beijing may think of a government policy of a one China, in some ways, as saying, China’s Communist policy is not as legitimate as a government as a democracy is. And, to me, it’s worth supporting, regardless of what government is elected in Taipei, ‘cause, as Dr. Pillsbury has mentioned, in terms of history relations, there’s the debate going on between whether or not the United States should support the Chinese Communist Party or the Nationalist. Well, that debate has transformed, (because, in reality,) what we are dealing with, is a debate over, in terms of legitimacy, do we support an authoritarian regime of Beijing, in terms of extending legitimacy, or do we extend legitimacy towards democracy, regardless of whether it’s KMT or DPP [reason?] of the political spectrum.
馬政府認為，有一個中國；台灣是一個中國的一部分，而這個中國就是指中華民國；就這樣。這聽起來很不可思議，但是這就是他們的政策。從不同的觀點上來看會有幫助。因此，由此作為框架，你可以想像北京的領導人可能會認為一個中國的一個政府的政策應該是什麼樣子，在某些方面，比如說，中國的共產黨的政策沒有比民主的政府較合法。而對我來說，這是值得支持的，無論哪個政府在台北當選，因為，如皮爾斯伯里博士提到，在歷史上，有關國與國的關係方面，有一個辯論一直持續著：美國是否應該支持中國共產黨或中國國民黨？嗯，這辯論已經改變了…我們有所面對的：在合法性方面，此爭論結束了嗎？在給予合法性上，我們可要支持北京的獨裁政權，還是我們要把合法性給予民主的，無論是國民黨還是民進黨的政治背景？

That decision was pretty much made by Henry Kissinger in 1971, when he decided to, at least, begin to move to replace the ROC in the United Nations, and was locked in by President Carter, and has become even more problematic since Taiwan has evolved into a democracy. So, in effect, U.S. policy, today, by not extending equal legitimacy to both sides of the Taiwan Strait, in terms of political legitimacy, in effect, it has made a decision that it supports the authoritarian system over that of democracy. In that context, sort of defeat that debate.
事實上，在1971年時，亨利·基辛格就已經針對此問題，決定開始取代中華民國在聯合國(的席位)。雖然此決定有卡特總統的全力支持，但是因為台灣已經發展成為一個民主國家，此決定卻成了更大的問題。所以，實際上，由於今天的美國政策並沒有把兩岸的政府都當作合法的政治政府，所以，美國政策其實所做的決定就是支持威權體制而不支持民主體制。在這種情況下，辯論輸了。

(42:11) So, with having said that, the idea and the ideal of having normal relations on both sides of the Taiwan Strait within the one China framework, it’s certainly possible that, in terms of having a normal relations over both sides of the Taiwan Strait, in extending legitimacy to both governments within the one China framework, it’s certainly possible. As a matter of fact, this was a key debate all the way between the United States, in the late 1950s until 1971. That debate was played out within the United Nations having to do with what they called the “Important Question”. Important Question having to do with representation, because there was the General Predisposition of the State Department, the General Predisposition, even if the mainstream academic community, based on the National Conference on U.S.-China relations that evolved into the international community relations [sic]. And the general consensus back then was, actually, to move toward normal relations within the both sides of the Taiwan Strait, within the one China framework, extending legitimacy to both sides. However, apparently, of course, Beijing was opposed to that; Chiang Kai-Shek was not all that pleased with that based upon his own view that there can be only one China.
所以，話說回來，在一個中國的框架內，和台灣海峽兩岸的政府都有正常的關係，把他們兩岸的政府都當作合法的政府的這個想法和理想，是當然有可能的。事實上，從50年代末期到1971年，這在美國是一個具有關鍵性的辯論。此爭論甚至延伸到聯合國的內部，到他們所謂的“重要問題”上。重要問題是在於代表，因為當時國務院有個一般傾向，即使那個以美中關係的國家會議為基礎，發展而成國際社會關係的主流學術界[他話沒說完]。而實際上，當時普遍的共識是，在一個中國的框架內，對台灣海峽兩岸[的政府]，移向正常關係，給他們兩方都有合法性。然而，很明顯的，當然了，北京對此反對；而蔣介石，從他的一個中國的觀點來看，也不太喜歡這種安排。

However, his positions, in my understanding, were not universal; his positions did not necessarily reflect the general consensus within the government at that time on top of Taipei, there was, again, I highly recommend the reading of Jay Taylor’s History of Chiang Kai-Shek, you’ll be able to get a good sense of…(interrupted by Dr. Pillsbury: May I just second that motion? ... Jay Taylor, on Hidden History, Jay Taylor has dug out the debate, in which Chiang Kai-Shek refused the idea “let’s keep Taiwan in the General Assembly, even though we lose our Security Council seat”. So, once again, Taiwan made a decision. Now, today, Taiwan wants back in the U.N., but Chiang Kai-shek, who made this decision, and Jay Taylor, who points it out in his book, also, secret talks going on between Beijing and Taiwan during this period in the ’70s that we did not know about; Americans did not know about. Is that right?) (44:25)
然而，他的觀點，據我的理解，並不普遍；他的觀點並不一定反映當時在台北的政府內部的高級官員一般的共識。我再次強烈建議傑伊泰勒 (Jay Taylor) 的 “蔣介石的的歷史” 這本書，你會得到一個很好的觀念...（白博士：我要附和他所說的... 傑伊泰勒，在 “隱藏的歷史”裡，傑伊泰勒找出來的，其中一個辯論，蔣介石拒絕了“雖然我們失去了[聯合國]安理會的席位，讓我們保留台灣在[聯合國]大會上” 的主意。所以，再一次，台灣做了一個決定。而今天，台灣想要回到聯合國，但是蔣介石當時做了這個決定，現在由傑伊泰勒指出蔣作此決定這一點在他的書裡。另外，傑伊泰勒也指出一些甚至我們美國人也都不知道，在70 年代這期間，在北京和台灣之間所發生的密談，對不對？）（44:25）

Well, this goes back a long way…What Jay Taylor outlines, also, was debates and how information was important, out of U.S. representatives’ office in China. For example…the debates between Claire Chennault, Air Force, I met him a little bit,…sort of bias toward him, and Joseph Stilwell. Stilwell, for some reason, ever since 1920s or 30s, has something against Chiang Kai-shek. He just didn’t like him. Whereas Chennault had a very different perspective. And this was played out…in terms of U.S. policies, framing and shaping perspectives of the political leadership. But fast forwarding to at least 1979, …the obvious solution is to have the normal relations with both; two legitimate governments with normal relations with both sides, and make that fit within the one China policy. (45:23)
那麼，這要追溯到很久以前......傑伊泰勒的重點是辯論，和從美國在中國代表的辦公室，透露出來的消息的重要性。例如...在美國空軍的陳納德，我遇過他，...所以會有一點偏向他，陳納德和約瑟夫·史迪威之間的辯論。史迪威，出於某種原因，自從1920年代或 ’30年代時，就有一些反對蔣介石；他就是不喜歡他，而陳納德有一個非常不同的觀點。而這些不同的觀點，在美國政策方面被展現出來，制定和塑造了政治領導人的觀點。轉到至少1979年，顯而易見的解決方法就是與雙方都有正常的關係，…並配合在一個中國政策的範圍內。 （45:23）

Today, would either the DPP or KMT oppose the United States having normal relations with the ROC? I cannot imagine what every president on Taiwan, since Chiang Kai-shek, Chiang Ching-guo, Lee Tung-hui, Chen Shui-bian, Ma Ying-jeou, has stated in one form or another, that Taiwan, under the existing ROC constitution, exists as an independent sovereign state. If that statement has been made, why would they refuse the extension of the legitimacy to be granted upon that particular government? As a substitute for having normal relations with both sides, the Taiwan Relations Act, in effect, functions as a rough substitute. …But the question remains how sustainable is U.S. policy on the Taiwan Relations Act. On the security side, it consists of two major components: one is to provide Taiwan with weapons of defensive character, for Taiwan to have necessary defensive articles or services. And the second part of it is to maintain the capacity to respond, to use force, or other forms, of course. The first one is well covered. Let’s just spend one minute talking about the second part—to maintain the capacity.                                                                                 今天，民進黨或國民黨會反對美國和中華民國有正常的關係嗎？我無法想像，每一位在台灣的總統，從蔣介石，蔣經國，李登輝，陳水扁，到馬英九，已以某種形式或另一種表示；台灣，根據現行的中華民國憲法，是作為一個獨立的主權國家而存在的。如果他們有這種說法，那他們為什麼會拒絕[美國]授予他們的政府，使他們的政府變成有合法性？實際上，台灣關係法是作為替代兩方都有正常的關係，而成的粗略的替代品。 ......但問題仍是，美國的政策能夠對台灣關係法持續著嗎？在安全方面，[台灣關係法]有兩個主要部分：一個就是給台灣提供防禦性的武器，使台灣能有他們需要的防衛設備或軍隊。而第二部分就是讓他們有能力去反應，使用武力或其他方法。第一個已討論過了，讓我們只花一分鐘講第二部分，以保持[反應的]能力。

Just throwing out another debate going on in Washington, I think, and that is between the air and sea battle and off-shore control (46:41). Air and sea battle, if you recent[ly] read the documents, it basically claims that, if the United States is to maintain the capacity to defend Taiwan, it would require possibly, at least, having the ability, having that arrow in the back pocket, the ability to interdict [?] single points of failure in the PLA operational system that could be used in the event of an attempt to physically occupy Taiwan (47:07), and enforce it and then impose its control over the remainder of the island. Unlikely scenario, but still possible, and one that should be front and center of any planner of specific command or other parts of U.S. defense establishment. Offshore control, in effect, …says, declares, or advocates a unilateral declaratory policy in favor of no interdiction of missions in the event of a conflict. So, in effect, offshore control…is, what it is in a way, unless they can be able to prove that the U.S. can maintain the capacity to respond to the use of force, in a way, is actually, abandoning Taiwan, just as … is an arm sales freeze. So it’s just something to throw out there, an aspect of the debate.
另一個目前正在華盛頓發生的爭論，就是空中與海上的戰鬥，還有沿岸的控制。空中和海上的戰鬥，如果你最近有閱讀有關的文件，它基本上聲稱，如果美國要保持保衛台灣的能力，它至少可能需要有能力，像在他們的後口袋裡有[預備的或額外的]箭頭一樣，在當解放軍企圖實際佔領台灣、並實施此企圖、然後強制其在島上的其他地方的控制的情況下，美國會有能力在解放軍的作戰系統的弱點上阻擋他們。這個情況應該不會，但還是有可能發生，所以一個美國國防部門的任何規劃特定命令部或其他部門，應該會把此問題放在一個顯眼的地方。沿海控制方面，實際上，若有衝突發生時，[美國會]是在說，聲明，或主張單方面的宣示[他們的]政策主張，並最好不用阻止任何任務。所以，實際上，沿海控制就是，在某種程度上，除非他們能夠證明美國能夠保持對武力的應對能力，在某種程度上，其實，凍結軍售等於是放棄台灣。所以這只爭論的一個部份。

As a final note, (in terms of …) what it all comes down to, another debate that should be going on, or has gone on, in terms of some specific arms sale issues, is, there has been a lot of attention granted on F-16s, which is certainly important. But if you asked five different people, who look at Taiwan defense issues, you can probably see five different opinions in terms of what the priority is. (48:17) My favorite is, and as long as it has been, diesel electric submarines. Diesel electric submarines—and it’s just a fascinating story, when you go into the history and how this particular issue relates to other things. 1969, it was called the Nixon Doctrine or the Guam doctrine in terms of what it looked like, that the United States was withdrawing from the Asia-Pacific region, was when Taiwan submitted its first request in the first statement of the interest in these letters about the submarines.
最後一點，終歸一句，就是，另一個應該在進行的爭論，或已經在進行的爭論，在針對一些個別的軍售問題，就是，有很多的注意力都集中在F-16戰鬥機；這當然是重要的。但如果你問五個有研究台灣國防問題的人，你也許可以看到五種有關什麼是首要任務的不同的意見。我很久以來最喜歡的是，柴電潛艇。柴電潛艇，當你探討它的歷史，以及此問題所涉及到的其他的事情時，它是一個引人入勝的故事。 1969年，當時被稱為尼克森主義或關島主義，有關於那個看起來似乎是，美國要從亞太地區撤出時，正值台灣交出了第一個請求信上，在第一條語句中請求的是有關潛艇的時候。

They approached the Nixon administration, and the Nixon administration did actually say okay, we will turn over two used submarines, the Guppies [Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Programs], that were turned over and agreed to in 1971. Now, there was fighting for a while, but the United States eventually got out of the conventional submarine game and moved into the nuclear submarines. But there was a movement in early 1990s in which the industry was beginning to look at genie up in the ship building industries to be able to gen up… the reconstitute on the diesel submarine market, to be able to satisfy the other requirements in other parts of the world. (49:26) So Taiwan began to generate …formal requests through the arms sales talks over these electric submarines. The response, starting 1994, was… nobody in hell know. Don’t even look at it on this question. Starting in ’98, there actually was a change, a shift of heart, and said, let’s actually take a close look at this. About two evaluation teams visited Taiwan, …based on the question, which is, is there a valid requirement, came back with what should have been obvious answer: yes, of course there is a requirement.
他們向尼克森政府[要求]，而尼克森政府居然說好，我們會給你們兩艘中古的潛艇，潛水艦推力増強計畫、移交，並於1971年獲得通過。當時有一些爭議，但美國最終離開了常規潛艇，並轉向核潛艇。但是在90年代的早期時，有一個動態，就是造船行業的人士看好能夠重新構建柴油潛艇的市場，能滿足世界其他地區的其他要求。所以台灣開始通過軍售會談，正式請求這些(柴)電潛艇。從1994年開始，沒有人知道答覆是什麼，連看都不用看這個問題。從98年開始，實際上，有一個變化，改變主意了；並說，讓我們仔細看看這個。為了要知道台灣的要求是否站得住，大約兩個評估小組有去訪問台灣。[他們]帶回來的答案，當然是顯而易見的：是的，此要求當然有必要。

So, finally, on April 21^st, President Bush announced that the United States would assist Taiwan in its acquisition of the diesel electric submarines. Very important work: would assist Taiwan in its acquisition—that’s somewhat telling. (It left open,) this, in effect, it was a shift in policy, and how this would perceive was really left open. One route was for military sales, another for Taiwan to submit a formal request for the United States to manage the program to supply 8-12 diesel electric submarines to Taiwan. The other route was, Taiwan assumes the responsibility on its own and then use direct routes to be able to work with the U.S. defensive industry to come up with a viable solution. (The, very quickly,) after the decision, the Chief of the Joint of Staffs on the Taiwan side, and the navy, [saying May Day?]… made a decisive call to be able to pursue submarine program through FMS [Foreign Military Sales] channels, foreign military channels. Notice, the U.S. government would have been responsible for release of all obligations to be able to provide that capability.
所以，最後， 在4月21日，布希總統宣布，美國將協助台灣取得柴電潛艇[的要求]。非常重要的工作：將協助台灣取得柴電潛艇---這是有點說服力的。這一點，其實是一個政策上的轉變，而此轉變將如何被解釋，則沒有人知道。一種是用在於軍事銷售，另一個是要台灣自己正式地提出要求，要求美國管理提供8-12柴電潛艇給台灣的程序。[又]另一條路線是，台灣自己當起責任，然後用直接路線，以便能夠與美國國防工業合作，找出一個可行的解決方法。在決定後，台灣方面的參謀長，和海軍， [?] 做了一個果斷的決定：要透過FMS [對外軍事銷售]的渠道來追求潛艇計劃。注意到，無論如何，美國政府到最後也是要負責，釋放所有的責任，才能夠做到這一點。

Since then, bear in mind [while (?)] this was going on at the time, there was some significant issues going on within Taiwan, related to economic downturn and a whole range of other things, but the program has been frozen, (51:22) in effect, since then. There [were] a lot of things that were unfair on the U.S. side in terms of how this issue was approached and how this issue was managed. But, today, there is an opportunity to be able to move forward effectively….I believe there is consensus on Taiwan between both sides of the political spectrum, that Taiwan side, I believe, are their top, became, priority. There are things that appear, in terms of moving forward, with the domestic program, one problem, though, is that, my understanding is that, there is, at least, a perception on the part of the U.S. defense industry, that they have been told, by, at least, significant elements within the U.S. government, not to do anything to support Taiwan in its acquisition. No technical assistance, don’t…be active in anything. (52:11)
從那時起，記住，這當時正在進行中，有一些顯著的問題，涉及到經濟衰退和其他許多東西，在台灣內部正在進行，但是自那時起，該計劃已被凍結。在美國方面，有關如何看待和處理這個問題中，有很多事情是不公平。但是，今天，有一個機會能夠有效的向前邁進....我相信台灣的藍綠兩黨是有共識，要讓台灣方面 [此問題] 站上風，成為優先。針對國內計畫的向前邁進，有出現了一個問題，據我所了解的，就是美國國防工業的一部分，他們見解就是，他們被美國政府內部高官告知，不要做任何支持台灣取得 [武器] 的事情。沒有技術援助，不要主動的做任何事。

I don’t think it’s true, personally. However, it would help if there were some public clarification. If there were some statement that came out of the Obama Administration, perhaps reporting requirement of the Congress that asked that question or a letter from the Congress that asks that question. Has there been purposeful discouragement…extended to the U.S. defense industry not to give or pursue technical assistance agreements that could be reviewed on a fair basis in terms of tech transfer concerns and controls or some things like that. To me, that would be worthwhile. (52:50)…But this is an important program, and I think it would, among all the capabilities that are out there, one I think would have significant effect both on deterring and on defense. With that, I’ll turn it back over to you.(53:02)
我個人不認為這是真的。然而，如果能公開澄清，將會有所幫助，[例如] 奧巴馬政府的聲明、或一份詢問這個問題的國會要求報告或國會的一封信：有沒有故意阻礙美國的國防工業，要他們不給或不追求技術援助的協議，而此協議的技術轉移問題和控制或一些類似的條件都是可以經過公平的審查的。對我來說，這將是值得的。…但是，這是一個重要的計劃，我認為這在其中所有的能力來說，是一個我認為會同時擁有顯著地威懾和防禦作用。就這樣，我就把[講台]交還給你。

Seth Cropsey (克羅波西):

I’ll turn it back to you for a second. Are there any signs, Mark, that the Administration’s current willingness, for example, to call the PRC pugnacious or to go after cyber indictments is having an effect on the submarine question? I mean, is there any connection between those, …is the left arm and the right arm communicating with each other?
我要再問你一下。是否有任何跡象，馬克，當局目前的有些主動的動作，例如，說中國有侵略性或起訴他們的網絡盜竊，有沒有任何跡象，代表這些動作對潛艇問題是有影響力的？我的意思是，是這些事有關連嗎？ 左臂和右臂有在溝通嗎？

Mark Stokes 斯托克斯

…It may. Bear in mind that, …you have two routes that are going. One is the foreign military sales route, the other the direct course sales route. You actually have a letter for request, or actually, correction, notification that’s been frozen since 2007. And, so, in terms of the U.S. government, in terms of how, what else is going on, how it could affect here, it kind of depends on the decision to be made. And, decisions are being made, pretty much, to freeze that FMS side. The decision now, if…Taiwan, if the ROC Navy assumes the responsibility for program and then decides to enter, in turn, contraction (?) obligations for the U.S. industry to be able to support that effort… doing like that every part [would need?] export licenses (?), (54:21) which tends to be somewhat down in the weeds, much less political. And I think…it would be hard to fathom the Obama Administration reversing a commitment made in 2001, by not assisting Taiwan in its acquisition by a blanket refusal for licensing.
...有可能。注意，...有兩條路線正一起在進行著。一個是對外軍售的途徑，另一個是直接銷售的路線。實際上，是有一封要求信，或實際上，我修正一下，有一張報告書，從2007年以來一直被凍結著。所以，在美國政府方面，要怎麼樣，還有什麼別的，可以如何影響這個，都要看決定。所作的決定，簡單的說，就是凍結對外軍售(FMS)的那一面。而現在所決定的，如果...[是]中華民國海軍承擔下計畫的責任，然後決定與美國的(防衛)工業簽約，使[防衛工業]變成有義務去支持這一項責任......想這樣做的話，每個零件都將需要有出口許可證，這往往是比較難走的路，比較沒有政治性。而且我覺得......會很難瞭解奧巴馬政府會一概的拒絕發許可證，撤消一個2001年時給台灣提出的，協助台灣在其取得[軍售]的承諾。

Bear in mind, there are precedents, there are many, many precedents. For example, there was this Congressional notification that, I believe, three years ago, on the, to be able to afford the transfer of submarine launched weapons, and that’s a clear precedent. And bear in mind, that Taiwan does have four submarines today, and licenses, I presume, to come through every single day for spare parts and supply chains to be able to maintain those boats. So, it’s inconceivable that, if a license were to be submitted for an honest and fair review, that that would be refused based on political reasons.
要記住，這是有很多很多的先例的。例如，大概三年前，有一個明確的先例：一個國會通知，是關係到能不能夠擔得起潛射武器的轉移。並注意，今天台灣確實有四艘潛艇，以及每天都有出口許可證批准下來給為了要保養那些船隻所需要的零件和供應鏈。所以，如果誠實和公正的審查能允許許可證的提供，反而基於政治原因，許可證卻被拒絕，這是不可想像的。

Cropsey 克羅波西

Thank you, Mark. Misha?
謝謝你，馬克。米莎？

Misha Auslan 米沙 奧斯林

Seth, thank you very much. (55:30) I hadn’t heard the comments by Secretary Burns, so you know, “pugnacious”, it’s a good move. I’ll be worried when we call the Chinese obstreperous. But then I think we gotta start getting concerned about where we are moving to. Michael, particularly, you know, I was going to talk about all these other stuff, but you made me think about this glorious hidden history of missed opportunities between the U.S. and soon to be communist despots around the world. There is a whole think tank program there that we’ve got, Lenin trying to meet Dulles in Switzerland in 1917, we’ve got Marshall and Mao, as you’ve said; we’ve got Castro trying to be drafted by the Washington senators. …The history of the 20^th century could have been entirely different. (56:18) (Interrupted: plenty of Wall Street Journal op-eds here)
賽斯，非常感謝你。我沒有聽到伯恩斯局長的評論，所以你知道，“侵略性”，這是一個很好的舉措。當我們用” 喧囂的” 來稱呼中國時，我就會擔心了。但後來我想我們得開始關注我們所要往哪個方向走。白博士，特別是，你知道，我本來要談所有這些其他的東西，但你讓我想到這個光榮隱藏於歷史中，美國很快將成為世界各地的共產主義暴君之間的良機錯失。我們有一整個智囊團的方案，1917年，列寧在瑞士試圖會見杜勒斯，你剛提到的馬歇爾和毛澤東，還有，卡斯楚試圖選拔華盛頓的參議員[?]。 ......20世紀的歷史本來可以變得完全不同。（被打斷：有大量的華爾街日報專欄文章談這些）

It really is. That, I think is where we are going to be moving to as soon as we close up today. I thought, before that, I would, maybe, try to step back a little bit, because we’ve got so much, deep, not only knowledge, but experience on the part of all three of my fellow panelists here. And maybe try to open the aperture a little bit, and talk about Taiwan and the larger risk picture of Asia or risk map, if you will, of Asia. Seth actually had started us off this morning by talking about the oil rig contretemps between China and Vietnam and we woke up this morning to news that the Thai military had admitted that it had carried out a coup, so we are now in a full coup situation in Thailand and North Korea and South Korea exchanging some obviously, a former naval officer said, we are cringing at the fact that no one could hit anything on the water, but they were lobbying some type of shells back and forth.
它確實是。也就是說，我認為當我們今天結束後，我們要盡快的移到那方面去。但是我想，在這之前，也許，我會試著退一步一點點，因為這裡的三個小組成員有這麼多的，深入的，不僅是知識，還有經驗。也許嘗試把光圈打開一點點，而來談論台灣和風險較大的亞洲的風險地圖。其實賽斯今天上午已經開始談到中國和越南之間的石油鑽井平台的不幸的事故，而我們早上醒來的時候有消息稱，泰國軍方已經承認，它有進行了一個政變，所以整個泰國現在是處在一個政變情況；北韓和南韓有些明顯的爭論，一個前海軍官說，我們對沒有人能夠在水面上撞到任何東西感覺戰戰兢兢，但他們是正在遊說某種類型的砲彈的來來去去。

So, by any data points that you wanna look at, I think, the risk factor in Asia seems to be increasing. The data points don’t indicate that risk is decreasing. That is separate from predicting that there is going to be conflict or war or whatever, but there is no real indication that we’re moving away from more tension and contention over all these issues that we’ve been talking about here, whether it’s think tank that Michael has pointed out, or in other places for the past decade. (We’re not getting into a situation where there is,) we’ve moved into an era of bilateral or multilateral solutions of these problems or agreement on how these problems should be solved. And, instead, I think, if we take a step or two back, and away from the daily headlines, risk in Asia is increasing, and I think you can actually identify the risk cycle in Asia that probably starts with feelings of uncertainty about the future.
因此，我認為，你可以看看任何你想看的數據點，但是在亞洲的風險因素似乎在增加。這些數據點並沒有表示風險正在下降。[雖然]這些數據點並不是在預測將會有衝突或戰爭或什麼的，但是，也沒有什麼真正的跡象說我們正在遠離我們現在所談的，或是在過去的十年，在其他地方，或是白博士所指出的智囊團所提的這些問題的一些更加緊張和過度競爭的傾向。……我們已經進入了一個對這些問題應如何解決，雙邊或多邊解決的方案或協議的時代了。然而，我認為，如果我們向後退一兩步，並遠離日常的頭條新聞，在亞洲的風險越來越多，在亞洲的風險循環中，我覺得可以實際來識別對於未來的不確定性。

And, again, winding the tape back a little bit, not quite as far back as Michael went, but, winding the tape back 10 years or so, or 15 years, a lot of uncertainty about where China would be going as it started to show that it was able to develop in ways that, even before that, people thought that it might not develop that kind of military, that kind of navy, air force capability and the like, and that, so that uncertainty, then, leads into feelings of insecurity. And clearly, we’ve been in that phase for a while, as it is the second term of that risk cycle. The sense of insecurity, on the part of many nations, and it sort of spreads out. Initially, you have a direct sense of insecurity or a greater sense of insecurity being expressed by countries like Japan, or South Korea, or Taiwan, and then, for example, if we are talking about South East Asia, you’d always come up against these comments by our South East Asian friends, … “let’s not push it too far with China”; “We’re not as worried,” “We don’t have the same problems”.
並再次的，倒回一點點，沒有像白博士所說的那麼早，但是，回到10年前左右，或15年前，很多關於中國的去向是沒有把握的，因為中國當時開始表明，它能夠如何發展，即使在那之前，大家都認為中國不可能開發那種軍隊、那種海軍、空軍的能力等之類的；而且，這樣的不確定性，就會發展成不安全感。並明確的，我們在那個階段已經有一段時間，因為是在風險週期的第二期。對許多國家的不安全感，現在會有點向外擴散。最初，一些國家，如日本，或韓國或台灣，都有一個直接的不安全感或更大的不安全感被表達出來；然後，例如說，如果我們在談論東南亞地區的話，我們在東南亞的這些朋友都會提出他們的這些意見， ...... “我們不要把與中國的事情搞得更大”;“我們沒有那麼的擔心”，“我們沒有同樣的問題”。

But today, that’s dramatically different. Even Malaysia now, talks about its concerns over Chinese encroachment and Chinese…activities. So, that sense of insecurity has grown. And I think that the final term of that risk cycle will lead you into instability. And we clearly have that. We have that in the East China Sea over the Senkaku’s; we have in the South China Sea over the drilling rig or the Scarborough Shoal, or the Second Thomas Reef, or other areas in the Paracel’s and the like. (59:54) We have been steadily moving through that risk cycle without any indication, to use another traditional term, that the nations have found an off-ramp. They have not potentially gone fully on to that highway of conflict; we don’t have outright fighting. But there’s no indication that the nations have, either among themselves, determined how they can get to an off-ramp, or really, have much interest at this point. So, that sense, I think is one of the bigger pictures that we should begin with. (1:00:30)
但今天，這是顯著的不同。即使是現在的馬來西亞，也在談論擔憂中國的侵略和中國的種種活動。因此，那種不安全的感覺不斷地增大。我認為，這種風險週期的最後一期將帶領你進入不穩定性。而我們顯然地有那種[不穩定性]。我們在中國東海對尖閣島、我們在中國南海在鑽井機上或斯卡伯勒淺灘上、或第二托馬斯礁、或在西沙群島的之類的其他領域上[都有不穩定性]。我們一直在沒有任何跡象顯示下，不斷地通過此風險循環。用另一種傳統的術語，這些國家發現了一個出口匝道。他們並沒有完全地上了此衝突的高速公路；我們並沒有直接的戰鬥。但是，也並沒有任何跡象表示這些國家，無論是彼此之間[或怎麼樣]，有決定他們該如何去到一個出口的匝道，或者，真的，有多少興趣在這一點上。因此，對這個來說，我認為我們應該從這個大觀點開始。

For the U.S., then, trying to fit U.S. into that picture, despite the pivot, and I’ll mention that again in a few seconds, it seems clear that Washington is becoming increasingly risk averse at the moment that risk is increasing in Asia, and that’s due to our sets of issues over the past almost 15 years now. The wars in Iraq and in Afghanistan, economic crisis and barely discernible recovery at home except for the equity markets. The U.S. in its articulation, to the extent that it does articulate its concerns and its preferences, risk aversion seems to be the guiding principle. I think that is in part, due to two factors that feed into that.
至於美國，試圖將美國帶入那個畫面，不管中心點是什麼，我等一下會再次提到，似乎是很清楚的就是當風險正在在亞洲增加時，華盛頓正變得越來越厭惡風險； 這是由於我們在過去近15年的問題。在伊拉克和阿富汗的戰爭，經濟危機，以及幾乎看不出來的，除了股票市場以外，在國內的[經濟]恢復。美國的發言，或有確實表達其關切和喜好程度的發言中，排斥風險似乎是指導發言的原則。我認為有一部分是在於兩個因素。

The first is a muddled strategy. And, to go back a little bit further, and maybe actually paired up, chronologically, a little bit more with where Michael was, I think we are still struggling with defining our role in the world in the post Cold War world. I think it goes back to 1991, I don’t think we’ve ever fully figured out what we’ve wanted to do. And you had George H.W. Bush’s New World Order, which never really cohered. You had a holiday from history in the 1990’s, then you had 2001, you had 9-11, and,… it depends on how you viewed history, whether we’ve been knocked off course from where we might have been, or this is how history always plays out. It is simply a series of endless contingencies and for the most part, the vast part, countries are reactive, so you can’t really say, well, we would have been here, if not for X or Y, because X or Y always happens.
首先的是一個弄糟的策略。並且，回去得遠一點，也許實際上撘配著，按時間順序，與其中白博士提到的一點，我認為我們仍然在掙扎著在這個冷戰後的世界，給我們在世界的角色一個定義。我認為這要追溯到1991年，我不認為我們曾經充分想通了我們想做的事是什麼。況且，老布希總統的新世界秩序，從來並沒有真正的成形。先是在1990年時，歷史上沒有什麼大事發生；然後在2001 年有9-11，以及，...要看你怎麼樣的來觀看歷史，是我們離開了我們應該走的方向，或者是，這是歷史的自然路程。這只是一系列無休止的偶然的事件，並且在大多數情況下，大部分時間，國家所做的只是反應的動作，所以你不能說，好了，如果不是X或Y的話，我們其實會這樣，因為X或Y總是會發生。

But I think it is fair to say that, since the end of the Cold War, we have really struggled to try to figure out what role we are playing in the world, which is why so many people have, in some ways, almost welcomed the return of Russia in Ukraine as giving a CODA to where we have been over the past 20 years. There’s a clarity back to understanding where we are. And, in fact, that’s, let me mention more of that in a second, but I would say, first, we have this question of muddled strategy. And part of that muddled strategy is what we, as Asianist, Seth was talking about, for the past couple of years, the pivot, the rebalance, which I think many of us agree. First of all, I say many of us agree is a good idea. We are Asianist, we think it’s good that the country focus more on Asia. We like that. It’s good for business. It’s good for us to be more engaged.
但我覺得可以公平地說，自冷戰結束後，我們確實在努力試圖地找出我們在這世界上的角色是什麼，這就是為什麼有很多人，在某些方面，幾乎是歡迎俄羅斯回到烏克蘭，把此回歸當作是一個20年來的一個終點。有一個清晰的解釋可以讓我們理解我們的處境。而且，事實上，那是，讓我等一下再提到更多；但先讓我說，第一，我們有這個弄糟的[或糊塗的]策略的問題。那糊塗策略的一部分是，我們作為亞洲主義者，像賽斯剛才說的，過去的幾年中的中心點和再平衡[的意願] ，我認為我們很多人都會認同。首先，我說我們很多人都認同，是一個好主意。我們是亞洲主義者，我們認為我們應該更專注於亞洲。我們喜歡這樣。這樣對商業是有利的。我們參與更多，對我們是有好處的。

But it’s really been a hollow balance, or a hollow pivot, and I think that is becoming clearer and clearer, because of the fact that the Administration never really articulated what the pivot was for, what the rebalance was for. There were pieces recently that took the task, the pivot deniers, it was called, there was the rebalance deniers, I was proud to be exhibit A in that. But the piece itself started off with listing the enormous amount of activities that we already have with Asia, the enormous amount of trade, the enormous amount of economic, political, social, cultural, military engagement that we have, which, to me,  immediately begs the question that, then, why do you need rebalance. What is your point for the pivot and the rebalance, which is not to say, it is not a good idea. It’s simply that it was never articulated.
但是，這其實是一個空心的平衡，或中空的支點，而我認為這是越來越清楚，因為事實是，政府從來沒有真正表明過中心點到底是什麼，重新[在亞洲]平衡是為了什麼。最近有些作品，…它被稱為支點的否認者，又，或者是重新平衡的否認者，我對被作為展覽品第一號而感到驕傲。但這作品本身開始列入我們已經與亞洲所參與的龐大的活動，大量的貿易，經濟，政治，社會，文化，軍事接觸； 這對我來說，馬上要求的問題，那麼你為什麼需要重新平衡的問題。你的支點和重新平衡的重心點是什麼？這並不是說，這不是一個好主意。它只是說，這是從來沒有說明白。

So, everyone could read into the pivot what they wanted, and therefore be disappointed, when it didn’t live up to their expectations, whether you’re friends or adversaries, or whomever. So, the first part, I think, of America’s risk averses is that we really don’t know what we wanna do. So we have this muddled strategy. The second part is a little bit more concrete, and that’s the reduced resources that we have chosen to inflict upon ourselves. Despite a $13 trillion economy, we have decided that we are going to dramatically cut our ability to conduct operations and maintenance for our forces around the world, that we are going to keep the level of our commitment, in fact, add on, in some ways, new commitments, again, adds to a larger strategy, but add on new commitments, or making it harder and harder to actually carry that out and be effective, and that I think, feeds back into a political cycle of being uncertain and unsure, and risk averse, that we see in Asia. (1:05:10)
所以，每個人，無論是朋友或敵人，或任何人都可以解讀他們自己對重心點想要的觀點，但當它辜負他們的期望時，他們可能會因此而失望。所以，第一部分，對於美國排斥風險的這一點，就是，我們實在是不知道我們想做的事是什麼。因此，我們有這個糊塗的策略。第二部分是更為具體一點，就是我們自己選擇的資源減少。儘管我們有130兆美元的經濟，我們已經決定要大幅的削減我們的指揮行動和維護我們在世界各地的力量，要保持我們所做的承諾，實際上，在某些方面，再添加新的承諾，再次增加了更大的戰略，並添加新的承諾，或使其越難實際地有效的進行。而且我認為，將會回到一個不確定的，未定的，規避風險的一個我們在亞洲所看到的政治循環。

I think what, if I can really broaden this out to throw in Russia and Ukraine for a second and why it’s important in Asia and the Asian context. I think we’re just at the cusp…of recognizing that we face the very last thing that we wanted for the coming decade or even the coming generation. And that’s a two-front war. And here, all of the analogies that are so easy to throw out with Rome and the United States, I think, actually, have a little bit of purchase. We face a two-front war in the same way that the Romans did…If you look at the Danube and Rhine borders, they face generations of what we would, today, call the non-state actors, barbarians, and the legions had to be out there forever, dealing with incursions, trying to protect the borders and the like.
我覺得，如果我可以放寬話題，包括俄羅斯和烏克蘭，來討論為什麼這對亞洲和討論亞洲是重要的。我想我們是處於剛發覺到我們所面臨的，是我們希望在未來十年，甚至未來一代，都不會面對到風口浪尖的事。而這是一個有兩條戰線的戰爭。在這裡，所有可以那麼容易地用來形容羅馬和美國的比喻，我認為，也可以運用在這裏。我們面臨的兩線作戰，就像當時的羅馬人......如果你看看多瑙河和萊茵河的邊境，他們面臨著幾代所謂的，今天我們會稱作，非國家行為者，野蠻人，和一些永遠在那裡的軍團，處理入侵，試圖保護邊界等的事件。

That is the result, I would argue, of our 14 years of fighting the global war on terror. We have the director of the DIA [Defense Intelligence Agency], or immediately, the past director of the DIA coming out in an article just this week saying, we are more in danger today than we were before. We have the heads of the Congressional intelligence committees, the HPSCI [House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence) and the SSCI [Senate Select Committee on Intelligence], saying we are at more risk than before, that al Qaeda has changed and metastasized, decentralized, and the like. We have DNI [Director of National Intelligence] tell us the same thing. This is the new normal for us; this is our future. These are the barbarians on the borders. For us, my kids’ generation, maybe beyond that, that’s never going away. And as a country, we have never faced that, and we don’t know how to deal with that, quite frankly. We have the good war as our template, or the not so good wars, but they still ended—Korea, Vietnam; this war never ends.
我認為，這是我們14年全球戰鬥的反恐戰爭的結果。我們有[國防情報局]的主任，或立即的，有國防情報局的前任局長，在本週的一篇文章中說，我們今天比以往更危險。我們有國會情報委員會、眾議院常設情報委員會、和參議院情報委員會的會長告訴我們說，我們面臨比以前更大的風險，蓋達組織已經改變，轉型，分散等等。我們有國家情報總監告訴我們同樣的事情。這對我們來說是新的正常；這是我們的未來。這就是邊界上的野蠻人。這對於我們來說，我的孩子那一代，也許在那一代以後，將永遠不會消失。而作為一個國家，我們是從來都沒有遇到過 ；更坦率地說，我們也不知道該如何處理這些。我們有許多的好或不好的戰爭作為我們的模板，但它們仍然結束了，韓國、越南等；[但是]這場戰爭是永遠不會結束的。

And we haven’t yet accepted that fact, and, instead, what we want to do, as the President tries to tell us that it’s over, combat operations are done, al Qaeda is on the run, let’s get back to some type of normal. And that’s not happening. But even as we didn’t accept that, what China represents in Asia, and what Russia represents in Europe, is a return of what Rome faced on its eastern borders; Parthia, for example. Great powers, not hegemonic powers, not powers that could supplant or replace Rome, but great powers that could cause enormous disruption, enormous suffering, change borders, consume vast amounts of the time and energy in a tension and treasure of Rome, in order to maintain stability. And you can even extend it further and bring in the economics of the eastern part of the Empire in a way that we’re very concerned about economics in Asia.
而我們還沒有接受這個事實，並且，反而，我們想要做的，如總統試圖告訴我們的，它已經結束了，實戰操作已完成了，蓋達組織正在奔逃，讓我們回到某種類型的正常性。但是這是沒有發生的，即使我們沒有接受中國在亞洲代表的、俄羅斯在歐洲代表的，是返回到羅馬時代；羅馬當時在其東部邊界所面臨的，例如，帕提亞等大國，沒有霸權，沒有權力，可以取代羅馬，但大國可能造成巨大的破壞，巨大的痛苦，改變邊界；為了保持穩定的羅馬，則消耗了大量的精力和時間。你甚至可以進一步擴展它，把帝國東部的經濟包含在內，就像我們非常關注亞洲的經濟一樣。

That’s what we face now. We thought that, again, Francis Fukuyama that the history had ended and he was proved wrong twice: once, with 9-11, and once with the return of the great powers. And whether you want to call Putin a Hitler-act-alike, not in his ideologies, but in his salami-slicing aggression, or simply 19^th century Czarist revengeism, or whether you want to call China the same thing. We face a generation now of the return of the old fashioned state-on-state great power tussling, for influence borders, regions of freedom of activity and the like. We face a two-front war. We haven’t admitted it, we don’t want to admit it; all we can talk about in the counting days what we cannot do, not what we may have to do.
這就是我們現在面對的問題。我們認為，再次，弗朗西斯·福山所說的的歷史已經結束，而他兩次被證明是錯誤的：一次就是9-11，而另一次是強國的回歸。你要說普京是一個酷似希特勒行為的(人)，不是在他的意識形態，是在他的薩拉米香腸切片型的侵略，或者乾脆19世紀沙皇的報復主義者，或者你要說中國是同樣的。我們現在面臨的這一代，就是返回老式的國家對國家的角力賽，是為了影響邊界，自由活動的區域等。我們面臨的是一個以兩線作戰的戰爭。我們還沒承認它，我們也不想承認它；在我們還有的日子，我們只能談我們所不能做的事，而不是我們必須做的事。

And, so, from that perspective, what we see in Asia…cannot be disaggregated, should not be disaggregated. From that much bigger picture, that an exhausted, broke, distracted country, is actually entering a phase of greater instability and greater threat to its national interest. And the interest of its partners and friends in the system that it helped to create, nurtured, and from which it benefited more than any other nation, that that is actually the game that we are about to undertake. Whether or not we have the wit to recognize it, the will to respond to it, and the strength to deal with it, are entirely open questions. And at this point, I would say that they are all trending in the negative, which is why I would say it probably a more inchoate [?] (1:09:51) sense, you see Americans respond at least in some way to these questions about the world by saying enough, let’s focus, we’re not the world’s policemen, we’ve done our bit for God and country, and it’s time we can get back and focus on important things like the All-Star break.
因此，從這個角度來看，我們在亞洲看到的......不能被分解，不應該被分解。從更大的畫面，那疲憊的，破了，心煩意亂的國家，實際上是進入更大的不穩定，以及對其國家利益、和它的系統中，幫助創造、培養，在更大威脅的階段，從中獲益超過任何其他國家的盟國和朋友；這實際上是我們將要進入的情況。我們是否有具備著識別它的機智，回應它的意志，對付它的實力，是完全開放的問題。而在目前，我會說，答案都趨向於負面；這也就是為什麼我會說，初步的意識，你看美國人對此世界性問題的反應，至少在某些方面，就是說夠了，讓我們集中我們的注意力，我們並不是​​世界警察，我們已經做了我們該為上帝和國家所做的；時間已經來臨，我們可以回去，專注於像[棒球]的全明星賽的重要的事情。

We need to move away from where we have been. The problem with all of this, of course, is that the world is not a vacuum and that what we do does not happen in a vacuum. And so, the muddled strategy that we have in Asia, I would argue, is just a symptom of a much larger problem that we’re facing today. And at the core of that, in some way, Taiwan lies at the core of that. I wouldn’t say it’s the single flash point that we face, but it is something that is very indicative of how the United States will respond to the changes, at least, on one of these borders, if not the other of these borders. And whether we recognize the degree to which the geopolitical equation globally but in Asia is shifting. 1:11:05
我們需要離開我們一直守住的地方。這一切的問題，當然，就是世界不是真空的，我們所做的也不會發生在真空裡。所以，我們在亞洲的糊塗戰略，我會認為其實只是我們今天正面臨的一個更大的問題的一個症狀。而此問題的核心，在某種方面，台灣就在核心的正中。我不會說這是我們面臨的一個引爆點，但是這代表著美國將如何應對變化，至少，在這些邊界的其中之一，如果不是其他的這些邊界。而且不管我們是否確定認識到全球的地緣政治的方程式移動的程度，但在亞洲是正在移轉中。

Were we to significantly, as we are trending to, change the tenor of our commitments to Taiwan, maybe not formally on paper, or whatever papers we have, but in terms of our articulation of those commitments, and I think you saw that, actually, most recently with Assistant Secretary Russel’s testimony before Senator Rubio where Senator Rubio pressed him over and over on the Six Assurances and could not get an answer about that, and instead, it was a part of a much bigger global interpretation of where the U.S. stands in Asia. I think that may give us some ideas about how we are beginning to shift our own sense of which risks we are willing to bear in this changed environment. And I would end just simply by saying that I think that leads to at least three diagnostic implications. Again, I’d rather not be prescriptive today, but I’d rather be diagnostic.
如果我們要顯著地，像我們趨向於改變我們對台灣所承諾的方向的話，也許不是正式在紙上，或任何文件上，但在於我們聲明的這些承諾上，而我認為你也已看到了，實際上，最近助理秘書羅素在參議員盧比奧前的證詞，在那裡，參議員盧比奧一遍又一遍的逼問他有關六項保證的問題，無法獲得一個有關的答案；然而，他所答的是美國在一個更大的全球性內的一部份，解釋美國在亞洲所站的立場。我覺得這可能給我們一些，在這個變化的環境下，我們是如何開始轉變自己對我們會願意承擔哪種風險的一些理念。我將簡單地結束說，我認為，這些理念將導致成至少三個診斷意義。同樣，我今天只想診斷而不想要規定。

(1:12:06) The first is that it’s simply, by default, [it] increases this fear, or the freedom of action, this fear of influence of China in the region that we are very concerned about. And Mark said, you’ve gotta look at, are you looking at it geostrategically, or are you internally from China. And from geostrategically, meaning first island, second island and so on and so forth. These are still important factors both in Chinese thinking as well as the thinking of our friends and allies. So, the fact that we seem to be ceding some of that water space, at least, until intellectually, I think, just were downs [?] to what China feels is its ability to have more freedom of action; that would be number one.
第一個就是，很簡單，在默認之情況下，[它]增加了恐懼，或者是增加了行動的自由；在這個地區，對來自中國影響的這種恐懼，都是我們非常關注的。還有，馬克說，你得看看，你是以地緣戰略在觀察，或者你是從中國內部(觀察)。若是從地緣戰略，也就是第一島(鏈)，第二島(鏈)等等。無論是在中國，或是我們的朋友和盟國的思想中，這些仍然是重要的因素。所以，我們似乎有割讓一些水上空間的事實，至少，直到理智上[的割讓]，我想，終歸一句，就是，中國覺得它有什麼能力使它有更多的行動自由，這將是第一件事。

Number two, is by settling for a sub-optimal security environment, meaning one in which China has far more freedom to do with what it wants in Asia, the U.S. simply, then, has a, almost an automatic rebound effect, raises the risks of our intervention anywhere cross the board. And that doesn’t have to be intervention in terms of sending in the 7^th Fleet, but any way in which we determine that we need to start getting involved, we immediately, as a first step, consider that the risk element is much higher, and I think that you’ve seen that, in our response to the territorial disputes in both East and South China Seas. Whether we wanted to get more involved or not, we have been more concerned about that risk element.
第二，就是棲息於一個次優的安全環境，也就是一個中國在亞洲擁有更多的自由，要做什麼就做什麼的自由的環境；而美國，簡單地說，則有一個，幾乎是自動的反彈效應，提高了我們從任何地方介入的風險。而這並不一定是要派遣第七艦隊類似的那種[大型的]介入；任何方式都可以，只要我們認為我們需要開始介入，我們就可以馬上(實踐) ；作為第一步，考慮到風險因素是要高得多，而我認為你也已經看到了，我們對中國在東海和南海的領土爭端的反應。無論我們想要有更多的參與與否，我們還是比較擔心風險的因素。

And then, third, that leads naturally to, at least, a, I don’t want to go so strong as to call it undermining, but a questioning of our allying structure in the region. These are very old alliances now; they are a half-century old alliances and the question is, what are we really willing to do at any point with respect to them? We have already been impressed by Japan; the President finally came out and said that the Senkakus are under Article V [of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security]. We’ve been impressed by the Philippines. We have lots of unanswered questions about where we really would draw the line with what we would do with our alliances and not do with our alliances. So, I think if you wanted to start just looking forward to wind up, these are three of the results that we may be facing, when you put the changes in the geopolitical picture in Asia into that much larger, truly global geopolitical construct, and what I think the U.S. is facing is this two-front war, in a coming generation that we’ve neither identified nor are prepared for. Thank you. (1:14:34)
然後，第三，這自然地導致到，至少一個，我不想用「傷害」，這太強烈了，但是自然地導致到質問我們結盟在該地區的結構。這些現在都是很久的聯盟，已經是一個半世紀的老同盟了；所以，問題是，有關係到他們的事，我們真正願意，在任何時刻做的事是什麼？我們已經為日本所感動了；總統終於出來說了，與日本的共同合作和安全條約第五條是由包括尖閣列島的。我們也為菲律賓所感動，我們有很多未回答的問題；關於，我們會在哪裡畫線，我們會與我們的聯盟做的事和不會與他們做的事。所以，我覺得如果你想開始向前看以後會怎麼樣，這三個是我們可能面對的結果，當你把在亞洲地緣政治的變化放在更大的，真正的全球地緣政治的結構上，以及，我認為，在我們既不確定也還沒有準備好的未來的一代，美國面臨的是此兩線作戰。謝謝。

Cropsey 克羅波西

I’d like to thank our panelists, I mean, we’ve got a very clear picture of the history of the U.S.-Taiwan security relations from Michael, Mark has offered an equally articulate picture of the current state of security relations between Taiwan and the United States, and I think Misha’s ability to place us in a strategic context, it is as accurate as it is eloquent. … (1:15:59)
我要感謝我們的嘉賓，…我們得到了來自白博士的美台安全關係史上的一個非常清晰的畫面，馬克同樣地提供了台灣和美國之間的安全關係的現狀，而我覺得米沙很有說明力地，準確的解釋了我們在戰略方面的能力。

Q & A

Mike Fonte; Director of the Taiwan’s Democratic Progressive Party Mission in Washington (1:16:05) 邁克·豐特;台灣民進黨駐華盛頓主任

Thanks to the panel; very informative, it is. A little piece of history that I think is important to both Mike and Mark put together: when Kissinger negotiated the first communiqué with his friend, Zhou Enlai, and friends, he negotiated to get the draft, my understanding is, to give to Mr. Rogers, Secretary of State. And it said, as you know, that the U.S. only acknowledges, it doesn’t recognize that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait believe that there is only one China, and Taiwan is part of China. Rogers looked at that and said, ooh, I don’t think that all the people in Taiwan believe that. And that fact, it seems to me, has grown significantly over the course of time. As Taiwan has become a democracy, as open debate has been allowed, as people began to become really masters of their own fate, which they were not in 1971 or ‘79 when the KMT was still in control under the martial law, so that’s a factor that seems to me, plays into what Mark laid out, about the question of the one China framework.
感謝小組；內容非常豐富。有一小段歷史，我認為會是對邁克和馬克非常的重要：當基辛格與他的朋友，周恩來和其他人談判第一份公報時，我的理解是，他談判後是要把草稿給予國務卿羅傑斯先生。草稿說，你也知道，美國只認知，並沒有承認：「台灣海峽兩邊的所有中國人都相信，世界上只有一個中國，而台灣是中國的一部分」。羅傑斯看到這個，說，哦，我不認為所有台灣人民都相信這個。而這個事實，在我看來，已經隨著時間的推移而顯著地增長了。因為台灣已成為一個民主社會，公開辯論已被允許，因為人們開始變成自己命運的主宰，而在1971年或甚至’79年時，當國民黨還在戒嚴下控制的時候，他們並不是[自己命運的主宰] ；所以，在我看來，這是一個馬克所說的，有關一個中國框架的問題因素。

President Ma, in goodwill, I believe, believes that there’s a one China, of which there is a mainland part and a Taiwan part; it’s all part of the ROC….But that’s a complicating factor now. We have to take into account (1:17:29), and I believe that, I hope that the DPP will be able to come back into power, of course, but I also hope that the U.S. will stay neutral the next time around, because the last time in 2012, we had put our thumb on the scale a bit, in terms of the KMT. So I’d like to hear whatever thoughts you have about that point, because I think it’s really a very important point at this point in history. Thanks.
馬總統，，我相信是出於好心的，[馬總統]相信，是有一個中國，其中有一個部分是大陸，另一部分是台灣；而這一切都是中華民國的一部分....但是，這現在是一個複雜的因素了。我們必須要考慮到，而且我相信，我當然希望民進黨能回來執政，但我也希望美國下一次會保持中立，因為上一次在2012年時，我們與國民黨比起來，我們有佔上風。所以我想聽聽你們關於這一點有什麼任何的想法，因為我覺得這一點在歷史上是很重要的一點。謝謝。

Mark Stokes (1:17:56) 斯托克斯

A very quick point on that. Yes, in some ways, you have the two-way China principles, Beijing and Taipei. I think U.S. policy is pretty clear, and, if, what I said before that the framework where it is right now where the Taiwan Relations Act being a rough substitute for having normal relations with both sides of the Taiwan Strait, the TRA is pretty clear about the territorial delineation. Is it not? … that’s U.S. policy…let’s not…dictate a solution on Taiwan solution on how the two sides of the Strait will work out their… differences, stuff, the two sides, from the …one China policy perspective is that the U.S. doesn’t take sides. That’s one China policy in a nutshell. It seems to me, just don’t take sides and debate in issues that should be worked out domestically among people on Taiwan in democratic fashion and between democratic government of Taiwan and those other guys in Beijing.
我快速的說一下。是的，在某些方面，北京和台北是有雙向的中國原則。我認為美國的政策是相當清楚的，而且，如果，我剛才所說的，[一中政策的]框架現在的位置，而台灣關係法是一個粗略的替代品，使美國與台灣海峽的兩岸都有正常的關係，其實台灣關係法是有很清楚的劃分領土的，是不是？ ......這就是美國的政策......我們不要下命令，解決對台灣和海峽兩岸要如何解決他們的差異問題，他們兩邊的事。從......一個中國政策的觀點來看，美國是不偏哪一邊。大致上來說，這就是一個中國的政策。在我看來，就是不偏任何一邊，並以辯論，以及民主的方式，來討論在台灣的台灣人、和台灣的民主政府、和那些在北京的其他人之間的問題。

Pillsbury (1:18:59) 白瑞邦博士

I have a slightly different view. It’s a very important issue to China, whether the United States directly supports your political party, the DPP party. In the last election, a former…Reagan administration two NSC [National Safety Council] staffer named Doug Paal, was publicly chastised by a former senator named Frank Murkowski…I can’t tell if they were on a bus together, or what exactly happened, …the Senator attacked the former NSC staffer for praising President Ma’s victory, and saying something negative about the DPP. If you read…the Hidden History, my theme today, there’s a lot we don’t know; it’s very good that you bring up the Communiqué, I don’t think even all that story is completely out yet. (1:20:03) There is a brand new book besides Mayday, which is an excellent book to buy by Seth Cropsey about American seapower in decline and the challenges in Asia.
我有一個稍微不同的看法。美國是否直接支持你的政黨，民進黨，對中國是一個非常重要的問題。在上次的選舉中，一位第二次雷根政府的前美國國家安全委員會的職員，名叫包道格，公開地被一名前參議員，叫弗蘭克·穆考斯基責罵......我不知道他們當時是不是一起在公車上，或究竟發生了什麼，[但是]參議員攻擊了前國家安全委員會的職員，因為他稱讚了馬總統的勝利，並說一些民進黨負面的話。如果你讀了...隱藏的歷史，我今天的主題，還有很多我們不知道的。我很高興你提出了那個公報，我甚至不認為，所有有關那個公報的故事都已經完全出來了。除了Mayday以外，還有一本新書，非常好的書，由塞斯克羅波西著作的，關於美國海力的下降，和在亞洲所面臨的挑戰。

Another new book is called Maximalist; it’s really excellent; it’s got excellent reviews everywhere. The author is Steve Sestanovich. He has a whole new chapter on U.S.-China relations, and what happened in 1972, ’73. He’s found some new top secret eyes only recons, involving what President Nixon said to the Chinese. One of his findings is that Nixon and Kissinger told the Chinese, if you are stronger, when you become really strong someday, we Americans can do less. So we want that. It’s quite different from what Misha is implying—somehow Americans are taking risks by doing less. The book argues their policy towards China, but in other policies as well, a varied by presidents, what he calls the maximalist: he puts Ronald Reagan at the top of the maximalist; Harry Truman number two. And then re-trenchers, who really want to pull back. (1:21:17)
另一本新書叫叱吒風雲；它真是優秀；有極高的評語隨處可見。作者是史蒂夫Sestanovich。他對美國與中國的關係，和在1972年和 '73間發生了什麼事，有一個全新的篇章。他發現了一些新的偵查機密資料，涉及尼克森總統對中國說的話。他的一個發現是，尼克森和基辛格告訴中國，如果你是強大一點的話，當你成為真正強大的一天，我們美國就可以少做一點了 。因此，我們希望出現這種情況。這是與米沙的暗示完全不同，美國人寧願冒 “作得較少” 的險。這本書認為每個總統對中國的政策，還有其他政策也一樣，都不太一樣；他所謂的最高綱領，他把雷根總統排在最頂部；杜魯門總統第二。然後是那些比較低調的，比較保守的。

And he shows how, what Nixon and Kissinger were doing in these new memos was a very deliberate world they wanted to go to: five poles, five equal poles; not primacy of the United States, and certainly not the G2 with China. And to do that, the strategy, the grand strategy, of President Nixon, was to build up China. And that was continued by President Reagan. Did much more. Some of Reagans’ new NSDDs [National Security Decision Directives] have been declassified. I got them out of the Reagan Library, actually. President Reagan approved six arms sales to China, denied arms sales to Taiwan, and started a technology sharing program. As part of the strategy, which is in these NSDDs, to explicitly build up China. And by then, (boss,) Secretary Weinberger was sent to China twice, tried to build China into a strong power.
他解釋，尼克森和基辛格在這些新的備忘錄中想要的，就是一個非常慎重的世界：有五個截然不同的極端，五個相等而截然不同的極端；不是以美國為首的，更不是與中國有個G2。要做到這一點，尼克森總統的戰略，他的大戰略，就是把中國建立起來。而這是由雷根總統繼續下去的。[雷根總統]做了更多。有些雷根的國家安全決策指令已經解密。我從雷根圖書館把他們借了出來。雷根總統批准了六項武器出售給中國，拒絕出售武器給台灣，並開始了一個技術共享之計劃。此戰略的一部分，這也是這國家安全決策指令上說的，就是要明確地把中國建立起來。到那時，溫伯格國務卿已被派往中國兩次，試圖把中國建設成為一大強國。

Now, that explicit goal has never gone away; it’s not been removed; those decisions have never been rescinded. And so, if you are inside of the U.S. government now, you’d still think, building a strong China is part of America’s strategy toward China.
到現在，此明確的目標從未消失，也沒有被刪除；那些決定從來沒有被撤銷掉。所以，如果你是在美國政府的內部，你仍然會認為，建設一個強大的中國是美國對中國戰略的一部分。

So when I bring up the Hidden History and the need for debate, I’m appealing to really famous op-ed writers, like Joe Bosco, the former Pentagon-China Desk member, and Rick Fisher from the Heritage Foundation, and others, who write about today’s debate, need to go back over, were these decisions based on correct assumptions at the time. For example, the offer to make sure Japan never plays a role in the security of Taiwan—this is made by Henry Kissinger, President Nixon, and was continued by other presidents. Brzezinski brings it up in his memoirs. So, is that still a wise policy, to make sure Japan has no role whatsoever in Taiwan’s security?
所以，當我提出隱藏的歷史和辯論的需要性，我其實是在呼籲一些真正著名的專欄作家，像喬巴思寇，前五角大樓的中國辦公室的成員、傳統基金會的里克費舍爾等，他們都會寫關於今天的辯論，他們需要回去看看，當時這些決策是不是設在正確的假設上呢？例如，確保日本絕不會在台灣的安全上扮演任何角色的提議，是由基辛格和尼克森總統所提出，並由其他總統繼續的。 布熱津斯基在他的回憶錄上有提到過這點。因此，這個政策，確保日本對台灣的安全沒有任何作用，可仍然是一個明智的政策嗎？

There’s something that the Taiwan government can do. President Ma has said, I think he’s joking, but I’m not sure, he said he’s already asked 12 times for the F-16 CD model to be sold to Taiwan, just to replace the F-16s they’ve lost. There has been no progress. Forty-seven senators wrote a letter to President Obama, why can’t you sell these 55 F-16’s? No action! I maintain that this is explained by the Hidden History and the restraints that are on Taiwan. The short range weapons are okay. Apache helicopters with hellfire missiles, you would think that’s aggressive. But hellfire missiles will sink ships. Taiwan has explained to us, …if an invasion has taken place from other ship, and other ships have to transfer to smaller amphibious landing crafts, and at that moment of transfer, we need Apache helicopters, by Boeing, they are expensive, fire hellfire missiles and sink the landing craft and the mother ship at the moment of transfer. Actually, it’s a pretty clever idea.
其實有一些事是台灣的政府可以做的。馬總統曾說，我覺得他是在開玩笑，但是我沒有把握，他說，他已經要求[美國]出售，取代他們失去了的F - 16戰鬥機的F - 16的CD型給台灣，要求12次了。一直沒有進展。有四十七名參議員致信給奧巴馬總統，你為什麼不能賣這55架的F- 16呢？沒有行動！我認為這問題和台灣有的一些限制障礙在隱藏的歷史上是都有解釋的。短程武器都還可以。有地獄火導彈的阿帕奇直升機；你可能會認為這是太積極了。但是地獄火導彈可以把船炸沉。台灣有向我們解釋， ......如果有別的船隻入侵，使另外的船舶必須轉移到較小的兩棲登陸艇，並在那轉移的一刻，我們需要波音公司所造的，很昂貴的，我們可以發射地獄火導彈使登陸艇和母船在轉移的時刻下沉。其實，這是一個非常聰明的想法。

So they were sold; they were approved by the past administration and by President Obama. Things that are short range are okay. F-16 CDs, if you go to the website for the F-16, you’ll see it’s really a fighter bomber. It can carry bombs quite a ways; two-, three-hundred miles easily. That will be able to attack, as Mark said, that could be part of air/sea battle strategy to…[hit] targets inside China. Now, AEI [American Enterprise Institute] took the lead. By 2008, AEI in many ways invented air and sea battle. In an article followed by Project 2049, that targets inside China should be struck; Taiwan should be sold weapons that can do this. (1:25:31)
因此，它們(Apache直升機)就賣了，以往的政府和奧巴馬總統都批准了買賣。短距離的都還好。 F-16的CD型，如果你去F-16的網站，你會看到它其實是一台戰鬥轟炸機。它的炸彈可以達相當遠的距離；二，三百英里都可以簡單達成。如馬克說的，這將能夠攻擊，這可以用在空/海戰的戰略，以打中在中國境內的目標。目前，美國企業研究所領先。到2008年時，美國企業研究所在許多方面發明了空中和海上的戰鬥。一篇2049項目在受矚目的文章說，中國內部的目標都應該被擊中；而能做到這一點的武器應該賣給台灣。

One was by Dan Blumenthal in 2008. One was by Mark Stokes and Randy Shriver about the need to sell F-22s to Japan, so that the U.S. and Japan, together, can have F-22s. They say in the article, go inside China, and take out time sensitive targets. This, I maintain, goes against the Hidden History of U.S.-China-Taiwan Relations, where such policy moves would be explicitly banned, and it’s up to President Ma Ying-Jeou, if he wants to make public, the restraints that Taiwan is under. Tsai Ying-wen from your party, has also declined to make public these restraints. I would say there is more than 10, some would say more than 20. The president of Taiwan can’t come to Washington D.C., as cabinet secretaries can’t come here. Meetings can’t be, she was asked one time, if she would allow an article to be published, or write one herself, about what are the restraints the Americans have agreed to, what we Taiwan cannot do.
一篇是由丹布魯門撒爾在2008年時寫的，一篇是由馬克斯托克斯和蘭迪·施萊佛所寫的，有關需要出售F-22給日本，使美國和日本可以同時有F-22。他們在文章中說，進入中國境內，消滅對時間性有敏感的目標。我覺得這一點違背了隱藏的歷史所說的美國、中國、與台灣的關係，因為這樣的政策舉措將被明令禁止。[而有關禁止的事] 這要看馬英九總統，如果他要公開約束台灣的根據。你們民進黨的蔡英文也曾拒絕公開這些限制。我會說有十多個限制，有些人會說有超過20個。台灣總統不能到華盛頓特區，如同內閣部長也不能來這裡。會議也不能。有一次，[蔡英文]被要求過，如果她會允許發表一篇文章，或自己寫出來，美國同意限制台灣的有什麼，有什麼我們台灣不准做的。

And the answer seems to be, it would embarrass Taiwan to make public all these enormous restraints on us that Washington has… imposed that are not part of any public record. (1:26:55) You can’t go on the internet, and say, give me the list, tell me why President Ma can’t come to Washington D.C. Why can’t American Admirals and Generals visit Taiwan? Where is that in the Communiqué? Where is that in the Taiwan Relations Act? Everybody sort of knows it can’t be done. So, the Hidden History project that Hudson institute is doing, is to try to bring out what really has happened, as though (we are talking to, or) Joe Bosco or Rick Fisher are writing op-ed pieces, they are talking to the next generation or to high-level officials that have never been to Asia. Remember Tony Lake was sent by President Clinton to try to tamp down the crisis of the two carriers, and we asked Tony Lake, how many times have you been to China, we wanted to know how much briefing material you need.
而答案似乎是，如果把這些華盛頓所實施的，不屬於任何公開記錄的這些巨大的限制公開的話，這將會給台灣難堪。你不能去網路上說，把限制台灣的那些命令一條條的給我，或告訴我為什麼馬總統不能到華盛頓，為什麼美國將軍不能訪台？公報上哪裡有說？台灣關係法哪裡有說？但是大家都知道辦不到。因此，​​哈德遜研究所的隱藏的歷史此計畫，就是在盡量把真相說出來，就好像喬巴思寇或里克·費舍爾正在寫專欄，他們在與下一代或從未到過亞洲的高級官員交談一樣。記得湯尼雷克，被克林頓總統派去，試圖平息兩艘航艦的危機[嗎]？我們問雷克，你去過中國幾次，我們想知道你需有多少簡介的資料。

This was the National Security Advisor to the President of the United States in 1996. You know what the answer was? “I’ve never been to China!” (1:27:52) The Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, under George W. Bush, was getting ready for his trip to China. I said to Doug Feith who’s here at Hudson as a Senate Director, I said, you know, this is probably your 10^th visit to China, isn’t it? I can skip the Beijing is the capital city part of the briefing. He said, Mike, this is my first visit to China. Under Secretary of Defense, in his 50s, highly sophisticated, never been to China. Our government is full of high level policy makers today, who are, for the first time, might understand, basic information about Taiwan and China. So that’s why I keep advertising the book Mayday and the Hidden History of U.S.-China Relations. (1:28:44)
這是1996年，美國總統的國家安全顧問。你知道答案是什麼嗎？“我從來沒有到過中國！”小布希總統的國防部政策的副部長正在為他的中國之旅準備時，我對道格·費思，在哈德森這裡作為參議院的主任說，我說，你知道，這很可能是你第十次訪問中國，是不是？我想我可以在簡介上跳過 “北京就是[中國的]首都” 的部分。他說，邁克，這是我第一次訪問中國。國防部副部長，50多歲，非常富有經驗的，卻從未到過中國。今天，我們的政府所充滿了的高層的決策者，可能第一次明白，台灣和中國的一些基本常識。所以這就是為什麼我一直宣傳這些書，Mayday和美國與中國關係的隱藏的歷史。

Gerrit van der Wees; Editor of Taiwan Communique格里特范德意斯；台灣公報編輯

I have a comment on something that Michael said, and then a question. The comment is, the exchange between Murkowski and Doug Paal. They were not on the same bus. I was on the same bus as Murkowski, and I was sitting next to him and he was getting steamed up about the article, which stated Doug Paal had made some remarks critical of the DPP. The question is, I was really intrigued by your historical perspective and the missed opportunities in the early ‘70s and the late ‘70s. On keeping normal relations with Taiwan, and I think the main significant reason was, as Mark and you (Michael) said, Chiang Kai-shek himself who didn’t want to have anything to do with that. But also, let’s say, the missed opportunities, and lack of wish on the U.S. side. Some people on the U.S., like Bush Senior, was actively advocating for that in the United Nations. But then he was undercut by Kissinger.
我有一點要向白博士說，然後要問一個問題。我要說的是有關於穆考斯基和包道格之間那次的交流。他們那天並沒有在同一台巴士上。我跟穆考斯基是在同一台巴士，而我坐在他旁邊，他對那篇文章大發脾氣。文章指出包道格曾發表一些批評民進黨的言論。我的問題是，我真是被你的歷史的眼光和在’70年代初和’70年代末所錯過的機會而感到好奇。有關與台灣保持正常的關係，而我認為主要顯著的原因是，如馬克和你（邁克爾）說的，蔣介石本人並不希望有什麼關係。但同時，讓我們說這會錯失機會，而美方這邊也缺乏意願。在美國有些人，像老布希，當時是有積極地在聯合國倡導這點。但後來他被基辛格削弱了。

And I think Nancy Tucker really had some very fascinating stuff on there. But of course, since then, Taiwan has become a democracy, and has really changed things under its international isolation, wants to be more often equal partner in the international community. So I guess the question is, how, or in what way, could we make this normalization happen? I think Mark referred to it already in some ways. The Ma government wants to go via Beijing, the DPP basically doesn’t want to emphasize that so much. So what would be a good strategy, and that’s all confidential, of course, no press here. Like to have your vision on that. (1:30:49)
而且我覺得南希塔克其實有一些非常有趣的東西在那裡，但當然，自那以後，台灣已經成為一個民主社會，並也真正地改變了許多事，即使台灣仍然是被國際社會所孤立著，仍然希望更經常地成為在國際社會中的平等夥伴。所以我想我的問題是，要怎麼樣，或者以何種方式，使我們可以讓台灣正常化呢？我認為馬克已經在某些方面提到過了。馬政府希望透過北京，民進黨則基本上不想要強調這麼做。所以，好的策略是什麼？而這一切，當然，都是機密的，沒有媒體在這裡。希望能聽聽你們的意見。

Michael Pillsbury白瑞邦博士

Well, the most important first step is to make public the restraints that make our relationship between U.S. and Taiwan abnormal. We’re gonna change to more normal, or better, we have to know what are the restraints in place now. How many of them are there, what is the legal or policy basis for them, and frankly, I think that’s up to Taiwan. I think our system declassifying internal records is very slow. We have some records from WWI, that were recently declassified, almost 100 years-old. The U.S.-China relationship, as you mentioned Nancy [Bernkopf] Tucker’s book, her 2009 book, Cross Strait [Strait Talk]. It is the best book so far…I found her note cards out of the Reagan Library. I was opening up some Reagan Library files. She made a list of almost 100 things she wanted; she was given about 10 of them.
好了，最重要的第一步是要公開那些使我們美國和台灣之間的關係的異常制約。我們若要轉變為正常化，或者[比正常又]更好的，我們需要知道這些約束是什麼。有多少個約束、這些約束是依據於什麼法律或政策的。坦白說，我認為這要看台灣[自己的意願]。我認為我們內部記錄系統的解秘過程是很慢的。一些第一次世界大戰的秘密，一直到最近才被解密，近100年歷史的一些記錄。美中的關係，正如你提到的南希塔克的書，她2009年的書，海峽直言。這是迄今為止最好的一本書......我在雷根圖書館發現了她的筆記卡。我打開了一些雷根圖書館的文件。在她的列表上，她要求了將近100個文件；他們只給她大約10件。

But even that, to use in the book, she also has a chapter about the firing of Therese Shaheen, and the briefing of President George W. Bush, the role of Doug Paal, and why Therese Shaheen was fired. (1:32:05) For those of you who don’t know these inside baseball stuff, she was the Chairman of the AIT, essentially our highest level of person in charge of relations with Taiwan. She has a briefing with President Bush; she tries to explain the difference between don’t support and oppose, and Nancy Tucker found out President Bush said, “I am not a nuance guy.” And ultimately for various reasons, this person gets fired! And the rest of the system sees that happen, oh my God! You start to try to push a little bit on the restraints, and you’ll be fired by the President and the Secretary of State! So that was a pretty big message. I’m only saying, to even debate relations with Taiwan, we’re going to have to get the help of the Taiwan government and political parties to describe what are the restraints the Americans are imposing. And frankly, I visit China a lot. A lot of these restraints the Chinese don’t care that much about. Chinese have a very interesting attitude about U.S.-Taiwan relations.
即使這樣，在書中，她也有一個章節，有關夏馨被開除的事，以及小布希總統的簡單會議、包道格所扮演的角色、為什麼夏馨被解僱的原因。對這些細節內容並不清楚，夏馨她曾是美國在台協會的主席，基本上，就是我們與台灣的關係，最高階級的負責人。她與布希總統的簡單會議上；她試圖解釋「不支持」和「反對」之間的差異。而南希塔克發現，布希總統說， “我不是一個細膩的傢伙。 ”最後由於種種原因，她就被解僱了！而其他人看到這事發生。我的天啊！你企圖推翻制約一點點，你就會被總統和國務卿解僱！所以這是一個相當大的教訓。我的意思是，若要使這個關於台灣關係的辯論公平一點的話，那我們將必須要有台灣的政府和政黨的幫助，來描述美國所強加給台灣的限制是什麼。坦率地說，我常常訪問中國。中國對許多的這些限制其實不很在乎。中國對美台關係有一個非常有趣的態度。

Mark Stokes (1:33:15) 斯托克斯

Just to follow up on this one. If one wanted to think about how to normalize the relations with Taiwan, the first step is to think of the trigger, the actual implementing mechanism which would be, so envision, write a Joint Communique. Joint Communique, regarding the establishment of the relations between the United States and the Republic of China. I say “Republic of China” because that is the name of the country today. So that’s what the first thing would look like. Number two, think long term. Things, people don’t change. It makes patent sense to have normal relations. It’s, admit it, it’s stupid. [It] has been stupid since 1971. Actually, technically, it was stupid not to normalize with the PRC between 1949 and all the way up to 1971. And frankly, the National Community on U.S.-China relations and scholars that testified before the Congress in 1971, I would say, the majority of them, had it right. We can have normal relations with both sides and maintain a, …within our one China policy framework.
我只想再加一點。如果有人在想，要如何把與台灣的關係正常化，第一步應想到的就是觸發物，也就是能實際執行的步驟，所以，想像，寫一個聯合公報。關於建立美國和中華民國之間的關係的聯合公報。我說“中華民國”，因為這是那國家今天的名字。所以第一件事將是這樣子。第二，放眼長遠。事情和人們是不會改變的。有正常的關係是明確的意義。[異常的關係]，承認吧，是很愚蠢的。已經自1971年愚蠢到現在了。事實上，從技術上來說，從1949年一直到1971年之間，不與中國有正常的關係也是很愚蠢的。而且坦率地說，全國社區對美中的關係，在1971年國會前作證的學者，我會說，他們中的絕大多數，都是對的。我們可以與雙方都有的正常的關係，維護我們的一個中國政策的框架。

And that’s the other thing. A Joint Communique for the establishment for normalization of relations probably will have to…it’s harder to ditch a one China policy than it is to come up with something totally new. And so, whatever it is, will require …within a very liberal perspective on what one China is …and it already exists. The clear statement on our one China policy may, at least in recent years, say it was in 2004, made by Assistant Secretary of State Jim Kelly, in which, I think the question was posed to him was, what is our one China, what is one China. Possibly he says, I don’t know, but what I can tell you what it is not…it is not Beijing’s one China principle, which its one China principle is one country two systems. And so, the …one China policy, in effect, the U.S. doesn’t take positions on outcomes between the two sides. It’s between the two sides to work out themselves. In terms of the United States has a sovereign right to decide on how it relates to other legitimate governments around the world. (Muffled from audience: it doesn’t take a position on sovereignty…) That is true. However, it can have a much better view in terms of, for example, shared sovereignty. Is there something wrong with shared sovereignty?
這就是那另一件事。用聯合公報來建立的正常的關係可能要...其實，拋棄一個中國的政策比想出一個新的做法還要難。因此，不管是什麼，將會需要......從一個非常廣泛的角度來看什麼是一個中國...而其實它已經存在了。我們的一個中國政策，明確的說法可能，至少在最近幾年，例如說，2004年，由美國助理國務卿吉姆凱利，當有人問他，我們的一個中國是什麼。他大概說，我不知道，但我可以告訴你….....我們的一個中國不是北京的一個中國的原則；北京的一個中國原則是一國兩制。因此，一個中國的政策，實際上，美國並沒有採取對雙方之間的結果的任何立場。他們兩方要自己去解決。至於美國方面有主權權利決定它如何與世界各地的其他合法政府[有關係]。（從觀眾的咕噥聲：它沒有考慮主權的立場...... ）那是事實。但是，例如，共享主權可以有一個更好的視野。共享主權有什麼不好？

It makes all the sense in the world. I cannot take positions on the outcome in terms of defining sovereignty put into one China context, but could you have a shared sovereignty solution in which you have normal relations with both sides, it’s equal legitimacy?
這是完全有意義的。從一個中國的定義上來看主權的問題，我的立場是不能站在任何一邊的，但是，有沒有什麼使雙方都有正常的關係，共享主權，雙方都有平等的合法性的解決辦法呢？

Michael Pillsbury白瑞邦博士

On this point, can I add one point? A fourth think tank here, besides AEI and 2049 and Hudson, a fourth think tank, under the leadership of John Tkacik, former State Department, Mandarin-speaking official, had two books published and has some conferences on this topic of normalization, what is one China policy, trying to get into the history of it. Later on, I read a story, in a Taiwan newspaper, that as soon as President Ma Ying-Jeou took over, pressure was brought to bear on Heritage Foundation to fire John Tkacik, to dismiss him from the Heritage Foundation, and John Tkacik has preserved what we call the 禮貌上的沉默—polite silence. But the Taiwan newspaper said that. So, the message there, was even if the Heritage Foundation raises this kind of topic, there will be immediate—not immediate, but within a couple of years—there will be sanctions on the person who does it. So I think the level of intimidation has to be kept in mind that, just having the debate kept alive, is considered in some quarters, to be dangerous. [Seth Cropsey mentions that both Joe Bosco and Rick Fisher are sitting at the back.] 關於這一點，我可不可以再補充一點？這裡的第四個智囊團，除了美國企業研究所、2049、和哈徳孫，第四個智囊團，由前國務院，會說中文的官員，約翰塔希克領導的。他曾出版兩本書，並在一些會議上談過有關正常化、什麼是一個中國的政策的這些問題，並試圖探討這些的歷史。後來，我在台灣的一個報紙上讀了一個故事，說，馬英九總統接任後，傳統基金會就被受到壓力，要他們開除約翰塔希克，把約翰塔希克從傳統基金會辭退掉。約翰塔希克保持了我們所說的「禮貌上的沉默」。但是這是台灣的報紙說的。所以，這個信息是，甚至是美國傳統基金會提出了這樣的話題，也會立即的，不是立即的，但在一兩年內，將會對所提出這話題的人做制裁。所以我覺得必須牢記這恐嚇的程度，因為，僅僅想要讓辯論持續下去也會被某些方面認為是危險的。[賽斯克羅波西提到，喬巴思寇和里克·費舍爾都坐在後面。 ]

Matthew Robertson; Journalist with Epoch Times (1:37:41)
馬修·羅伯遜; 大紀元時報的記者

I’ll be very brief…I am just curious about, I mean, this is about security, I mean, the broader definition of security…it seems that potentially, the bigger threat to Taiwan is not just the military one, but the CCP’s political warfare against Taiwan, and its undermining of Taiwan’s institutions or what somebody does that. Does the U.S., do you think, have any role in trying to counter this? Or any role in this issue?
我會很簡短的說...我只是好奇，我的意思是，這是關於安全，我的意思是，安全的更廣泛的定義......似乎有可能，對台灣的更大的威脅不僅是軍事上的，而是中共對台灣的政治戰術，破壞台灣的機構，或台灣人的所作所為。你們認為，美國有沒有在扮演試圖對抗這呢？或者，在這個問題上扮演任何角色嗎？

Michael Pillsbury (1:38:15) 白瑞邦博士

This is one sentence answer. I am with Ed Feulner, back in 1979, “We cannot be more Catholic than the Pope,” Feulner went on a second sentence, saying, “We can’t ask for a full loaf, when Taiwan is willing to settle for half-a-loaf.” So you’re raising the question of Taiwan being threatened or being subject to political warfare. It’s really a matter of where Taiwan has to speak up. And they have not. They have not.
這是一個簡單的答案。早在1979年時，我與埃德福伊爾納一起。 他說過，“我們不能比教皇更像天主教徒。”福伊爾納接著第二句，他說：“我們不能要求一整條的麵包，如果台灣政府認為半條就夠了” 。  所以，你提起台灣受到威脅的問題，或受制於政治戰術[的問題]。這都要看台灣自己有沒有意思要出聲。而他們沒有。他們沒有。

Mark Stokes (1:38:44) 斯托克斯

The short answer, in terms of U.S. awareness of Chinese Communist Party political warfare, we published a study on that last year, quite detailed, in terms of understanding the political warfare, is understanding that it’s real, in terms of its structure. Recently, there has been a lot of things in the press about the Joint of Staffs department, the third department, they are China’s equivalent to National Security Agency, NSA. To give you an idea on the scope of political warfare, they have a second level department that is equal in stature, equal in grade to their equivalent of National Security Agency, their equivalent of the Defense Intelligence Agencies.
簡短的回答，關於美國知不知道中國共產黨的政治戰術，我們去年有出版了一個相當詳細的研究，就政戰而言，要了解政戰就是要理解它是真實的，在其結構方面[是真實的]。最近，媒體出現了很多有關參謀長的部門，也就是所謂的第三部門，它是等同於中國的國家安全局，國家安全局。給你一個對於政戰範圍的理念，他們有一個第二部門，才幹和等級都相當於[我們的]國家安全局，也就是他們的國防情報機構。

That is just organizational, to put things into perspective. Arguably, their joint-political department—liaison department—or GPDOD for short (1:39:35) which is equal to their second department, third department, that kind of thing, arguably, has more power, bear in mind, their military intelligence communication system exists in three agencies; second department, which is their DIA [Defense Intelligence Agency], third department, which is their NSA. They view political warfare as not just intelligence, but also influence. Look at their scope—they use platforms that have some distance from them, but…they don’t care that much about hiding it. This platform is one that, for example, China associate internationals from all contact.
這只是組織方面。可以說，他們的聯合政治處，或聯絡部，或國防總政治部，等於他們的第二部門，第三部門，之類的，可以說，有更多的權力，要記住，他們的軍事智能通信系統存在在三個機構裡。第二個部門，就是他們的國防情報局，第三部門是他們的國家安全局。他們認為政治戰術不只是情報，而且還是權勢。你看的範圍，他們使用的平台離他們有一段的距離，但是，他們並不在乎要不要隱藏它。此平台是一個，例如，中國用來接觸國際人士。

They target senior military officers around the world, retired, mostly. They do the retired guys; their regular MND [Ministry of National Defense] does the, in terms of militarial relationships, they do that side of it. And so, it’s not just Taiwan, but it’s every single country in the world. The United States, it happens in Washington, D.C. almost everyday, but there is political warfare, that happens every single day… When the United States got rid of the U.S. Information Agency, after the fall of the Soviet Union, believing that it was over, bear in mind that CCP political warfare structure is set up based on Soviet Union structure, so in the unit they called it active measures, that was KGB service A. In China’s system, same structure, same basic principles, where they define the verb that’s in the vocabulary, define the semantics that you use, and that’s what they do. (1:41:03)
他們選世界各地的高級軍官，大多是退休的軍官為目標。他們設退役軍官為目標；他們的國防部則看準軍方關係方面的。因此，並不只是台灣，而是全世界的每一個國家。在美國的華盛頓特區，幾乎每天都有政治戰發生，每天都有。......當蘇聯解體後，美國擺脫了美國新聞署，認為一切都結束了；記得，中共政戰結構是建立於蘇聯的結構，所以在軍方單位，他們把它稱為積極的措施，也就是克格勃服務A。在中國的系統裡，也是同樣的結構，相同的基本原理，他們在詞彙上給動詞定義，也給使用的語義定義，這就是他們所做的。

Give another example about how it’s directed toward Taiwan. Taiwan, right now, has five brigades of ballistic missiles directed at it every single day, opposite Taiwan. The political warfare structure is called, it’s a base, just like 52 base of ballistic missiles. There’s a base in FuZhou, that exists in five regiments, that do nothing everyday but barrage Taiwan with propaganda … Propaganda is based on psychological operations. And this isn’t just loose stuff. This is strategic level stuff. They use internet; they control the media outlets that barrage Taiwan every single day. Use Hong Kong, as an example, these third party outlets, Singapore and other places, to be able to set the tone, to be able to set the debate, and be able to manage the perceptions of audiences, both civilians and the military around the world. So…short answer is yes.
提供關於它是如何指向台灣的另一個例子。目前，在台灣對面有五大部隊的彈道導彈每天對準著台灣。政戰的結構被稱為，這是一個基地，就像52彈道導彈的基地一樣。有一個在福州的基地，有五團，他們什麼也不做，就是每天都不斷的猛擊台灣，發佈宣傳......宣傳是基於心理作戰。而這不只是鬆散的東西。這是戰略級的東西。他們用網路;他們控制了每天發佈給台灣的媒體。用香港作為一個例子，這些第三方網點，像新加坡等地，要能夠設置情景，設置辯論，並能夠管理觀眾，世界各地的平民和軍事的看法。所以......簡短的回答是肯定的。

… And…Taiwan understands this better than anybody. There is nobody that understands this better than Taiwan. They get it; it’s instinctual there, because they’ve lived under this threat for decades. And it’s instinct to there. …And the U.S.—It’s a bit more difficult to understand that such a thing exist. (1:42:25)
而台灣自己比任何人都更明白這一點。沒有人比台灣能夠更理解這些。他們瞭解，；這對台灣來說已是直覺了，因為他們已經在這個威脅下活了幾十年了。對他們[台灣]來說是本能，至於有這樣的事情存在，這對美國來說是有點難已明白的。

Rick Fisher of Heritage Foundation 傳統基金會的里克·費舍爾

…I just want to give Seth and Misha and the panel a chance to be prescriptive. I think that what we’ve been seeing in the last week in Shanghai is the beginning of a movement toward a Sino-Russian alliance, the likes of which we haven’t seen since the early 1950s, in which, a much more intensive transfer of technology is going to be accompanied by political coincidence, and co-ordination, perhaps even cooperation, as we move out into the next months and years.
......我只是想給賽斯和米莎和小組有機會來做一些指示。我認為，我們上週在上海所看到的，就是一個正向著中俄結盟運動的開始，從1950年代初期起到現在都沒見過的。其中，在未來的幾個月，甚至未來的幾年，一個更為徹底的技術轉移將要伴隨著政治的巧合，協調，甚至合作。

I don’t think we have another two years to chase our tails in this town, trying to figure out what to do about this, because, Misha, if…the number of parallel programs between the Russians and the Chinese are alarming enough, from space, to bombers, to aircraft carriers, submarines, when the Russians open the gates again, to the technology to accelerate the Chinese programs, we’re going to have a power projection in Chinese military that’s going to be creating multiple fronts. It’s not just going to be two fronts. You’re up in Asia; there are going to be fronts in Latin America, Africa, other places—the Arctic. My question to the panel is, okay, what do we need to do to get out ahead of this, because, I think the other side of the element of the Taiwan Relations Act that requires us to maintain the capacity to resist, is also a warning to ourselves, that if we don’t maintain that capacity, others are not going in bed with us. Our alliances are going to wean. I’ll stop there. (1:44:39)
我不認為我們會再有兩年的時間來在這裡隨著我們的尾巴而繞，試圖找出要怎麼辦，因為，米沙，如果......俄羅斯和中國之間相同綱領的數量是驚人的，從太空，轟炸機，航空母艦，潛艇，當俄羅斯再次打開技術的大門，使中國的科技計劃加速往前，我們將對中國軍方有一個軍力預測，預測說將會有創建多個方面的。這將會不只是有一個兩線作戰。在亞洲以外；在拉丁美洲，非洲，其他地方，甚至北極都會有戰線。我的問題是，我們需要做什麼才能比他們更進一步地安然而退，因為，我覺得台灣關係法另一邊的元素，是在要求我們保持抵禦的能力，也是對我們自己的一個警告，警告我們，如果我們不保持這種能力，其他人就都不會跟我們站在同一陣線。我們的聯盟將會疏遠[或斷絕]。就這樣。

Misha Auslan 米沙奧斯蘭

I’ll kick it off briefly. Rick, you have just identified the next years’ worth of work easily for everyone. And so, I don’t have a full answer; I am not even going to try to have a partial answer. …Let me just say one thing: a lot of it is going to depend on the degree to which our partners and allies perceive the threat in the same way that we do, and I would say that, if there is one good potential, it is that Japan has already been steadily moving in the direction where it recognizes that it needs to play a larger role. It wants to play a larger role. There is a lot of constraints on that; there is a lot of disagreements on that.
我先講一下。里克，你剛才為大家指出了今後幾年的工作。所以，我沒有一個完整的答案；我甚至不打算嘗試給一個不完全的答案。 ......我只想說一件事：有很多要依賴我們的夥伴和盟友領悟此威脅的程度，是否和我們的一樣。而我要說的是，如果有一個好的潛勢力，就是，日本已經穩紮穩打的往一個方向移動；此方向就是日本有承認它需要發揮更大的作用的這個方向。[但是]有很多約束和意見的分歧。

But it is almost contemporaneous with what’s happening on the Sino Russian front. The release last week of the report on collective self-defense and the new security strategy, I think that, in terms of getting out ahead, it is to take as much advantage of this as we can and move the Japanese into the type of relationship we’ve wanted to have with them, and, again, Michael brought up the question of the hidden history of restrictions of what we actually wanted Japan to do in the region, and I think that it probably goes beyond Taiwan, quite frankly. But, it’s a new world. Now, one of the biggest restraints on us, in order to respond to that, is the fact that Korean and Japan are at the nate [natality?] of their relations.
但這幾乎是跟在中俄前線所發生的事情同期地在發生。上週發佈，有關集體自衛權和新的安全戰略的報告，我認為，關於更進一步地安然而退來講，就是盡量地趁機佔上風，並把我們與日本的關係移動我們一直都想要和他們所有的關係。再次地，白博士提起了隱藏的歷史中，有關限制的問題，有關我們所想要日本在此區去做的事，而我認為，很坦白地說，它[我們所想要日本在此區去做的事]可能不只與台灣有關。但是，這是一個新的世界。現在，要回答你的問題，對我們最大的約束的其中之一就是，韓國和日本都在他們之間關係的開始的事實。

In fact, what I would worry about, more diagnostically than prescriptively, what I’d be very worried about, is a Chinese, perhaps a Chinese-Russian attempt to hive South Korea off even further from us. And I think we’d have to be very sensitive to that. One thing in our favor is the Obama Administration has a good working relationship with Korea, that has its own set of issues, but I think we need to be very sensitive to anything and try to move them farther away from us. And then, finally, I would just say, I agree with you completely, I am like everyone, I am just starting to look at it all. …What I would say, from a historical perspective, is that, these two, Russia and China, historically, are their own worst enemies in terms of any types of… long term better relations. And as they start to go down that road, I think that it’s going to be, …the negative aspects of it will crop up even more quickly than we anticipated the positive’s coming, and that may limit the degree to which they actually do this.
事實上，我會擔心的，診斷比指示多，我會很擔心的，就是中國；中國與俄羅斯聯合試圖把南韓分離得與我們更遠。我想我們不得不對此有敏感度。對我們有利的一件事，就是奧巴馬政府與南韓有良好的合作關係，雖然那裡也有自己的一套問題，但我認為我們必須對任何事情都非常敏感，並嘗試著把[問題]移動，離我們遠一點。然後，最後，我只想說，我完全同意你，我和大家都一樣，我也是剛剛才開始看這一切。 ......我想說的是，從歷史的角度來看，就是這兩個，俄羅斯和中國，從歷史上看，在任何長期良好關係的種類來看，他們其實是自己最大的敵人。當他們開始走向這條路，我認為負面的將比正面就我們所預期的更加迅速地突然出現，並可能會限制他們真正做到這一點的程度。

Rick Fisher 里克·費舍爾

Russians…we are in this war for decades…because we need to …our next generation if the Chinese are after us. How do we exploit those weaknesses today and not let this carry on for decade?
俄國人......我們在這場戰爭已經幾十年了......因為我們需要我們的下一代，如果中國追著我們的話。我們如何利用今天的這些弱點，而不讓它再持續十年？

Joe Bosco (1:48:04) 喬巴思寇

I want to thank Mike for the history lesson; fantastic presentations by all of you. In fact, Mike, if you looked at the St. John’s Review a couple of years ago, I did an analysis of the history which may have some relevance to what you were discussing today. (Michael: I have not seen that). Okay. St. John’s Review, two years ago. And I’ve got a piece coming out on history as well. (But the premise of the…,) you make a point, I think, a valid one, that the U.S. policy has been entrenched, in terms of the… orientation approach China is biased, but all of that was premised on the assumption, that engagement, that working with China, that bringing China into the international community would moderate and soften its policies both domestically and in terms of foreign policy.
我要感謝白博士的歷史課；極好的發表，你們大家。事實上，邁克，如果你看到幾年前的聖約翰回顧，我做了一個歷史的分析，可能與你今天所討論的有些相關性。(白博士：我還沒有看到）。好吧。聖約翰回顧，兩年前。而我目前也有一篇有關歷史的要出來了。你提出了一個確實有根據的觀點。美國的政策已經根深蒂固，至於[我們]對待中國的方式是有偏心的，但所有這一切前提都是假設在，接觸，與中國的合作，使中國融入國際社會，將會緩和和軟化其國內的政策和外交政策。

…It’s clear, over the last few years, that premise has been unfounded, that China has rejected, in fact, Kissinger states in his book on China, that Beijing does not accept international order, which had no part in creating. So, we’ve seen that now in the South China Sea, East China Sea; Beijing rejects the basic premises of the international order. So, given that, one can make the statement that our policy has been a monumental and historical failure, in terms of the entire premise of engagement with China. (1:49:30)
...很明顯的，在過去的幾年中，中國拒絕這個前提是毫無根據的；其實，基辛格在他有關中國的書指出，北京並不接受國際秩序，因為北京並沒有參與這些秩序的創造。所以，我們現在在中國南海，中國東海已經看到，北京拒絕國際秩序的基本根據。因此，考慮到這一點，可以說，在與中國接觸的整個前提的根據來講，我們的政策一直是一個巨大的和歷史的失敗的聲明。 （一時49分30秒）

Michael Pillsbury白瑞邦博士

One sentence reply: I really admire Kissinger’s book on China. I thought that the reviews were unfair. They focused on human rights and things he never did, and whether he loves Mao and Zhou Enlai or not. What Kissinger did in that book was he re-thought the original assumptions he and Nixon and Ford had (Joe Bosco: and justify them) Well, but he criticizes himself; he draws on some work done here at Hudson by a guy named Abe Shulsky, that, the Chinese, when provoked, prefer the use of force in a sudden, sharp, psychological, surprise attack. (Joe Bosco?: After years of preparing psychologically to undermine the will of the opponent.)
一句話的回覆：我真的很欽佩基辛格有關中國的書。我覺得那些評論是不公平的。那些評論著重於人權和他從來沒有做的東西，和他是否熱愛毛澤東和周恩來。基辛格在那本書所做的是他重新思考他和尼克森和福特有的原來的假設（喬巴斯寇：並為這些假設而辯論）嗯，但他批評他自己；他從哈德森這裡的一個叫阿倍休斯基的傢伙，取了一些概念，當中國被觸怒時，他們喜歡用一個突然的，尖銳的，心理的，出其不意的偷襲的方式來使用武力。（喬巴斯寇：經過多年的心理準備來破壞對手的意志）

Yes, yes. They, then, withdraw. They don’t, it’s not like Hitler, occupying territory for they’d been drowned. They then withdraw, and he opens his book, with the story of 1962 in India, then he works in a lot of Chinese warring states, proverbs, an approach that they have and why the use of force against another country, should be, according to China, should be forgiven, it was just a message or a signal to make you kind of sober up. And Kissinger spends a whole chapter on this, and then he says, World War I-style conflict could break out between the U.S. and China. There’s a chapter on that. So this is a very different set of assumptions that Kissinger held back in ’71, ’72. So Kissinger, in many ways, has shown the way, for both the hidden history and to re-think his assumptions. Now, others are to follow, as his example, we’d have accountability, in my view, for those who are wrong
是的，沒錯。他們接著就退出了。他們不像希特勒，佔領領土，然後被淹死 [?] 然後，他們就撤退了，他的書開始於1962年在印度的故事，然後他敘述很多中國的戰國諺語，以及他們應用的方式，和為什麼使用武力對付另一個國家，應該是，根據中國，應該是被原諒的，[因為]這只是一個信息或一個信號，讓你清醒過來。而基辛格花了整整一章在這之上，然後他說，第一次世界大戰風格的衝突可能爆發在美國和中國之間。有一個章節在說這個。所以這是一個跟'71，'72基辛格所設的非常不同的假設。所以，基辛格，在許多方面，有表現出來，無論是隱藏的歷史，或是重新思考自己的假設的方式。現在，別人都跟著，因為他的榜樣，我們會對那些錯誤有義務。

Joe Bosco 巴斯寇

Please read my review of Kissinger’s book in St. John’s Review. Kissinger said two years ago, that Taiwan should make its accommodations with Beijing as quickly as possible, because “China will not wait forever.” Nixon, who was also the real politic-er at that time, changed his view on China and Taiwan, and indicated that the situation has now evolved, Taiwan being a permanent democracy, there is no reason for the U.S. to favor China in that relationship any further. We should have a form of diplomatic relations with Taiwan. Anyway, that gets [to] the question that I was going to ask, which is, what do you think of, you’ve talked about the capabilities of Taiwan in terms of resisting the… China aggression, and Michael talked about the intentions of the U.S. policies referred to Russel’s statement in the Hill, Six Assurances, what is wrong with the U.S. declaring the end of strategic ambiguity, that would be a first step in terms of the normalization of relations, declaring that it is in both our interest, geopolitical interest, and our moral values for us to defend Taiwan against any form of aggression from China.
請閱讀我在聖約翰的回顧上，我對基辛格的書的評論。兩年前，基辛格說，台灣應該儘快的遷就於北京，因為“中國不會永遠等待”。尼克森，當時的真正的政治家，改變了他對中國和台灣的觀點，並表示，情況已經演變成，台灣是一個永久的民主社會，美國沒有理由再繼續看好中國。我們應該與台灣有個外交關係的一種形式。總之，這到了我要問的話題，也就是，你想，你提過台灣抵禦中國侵略方面的能力，以及白博士談到了美國政策的意圖，關於羅素在國會的聲明和六項保證，那麼，美國若宣布要結束[對台灣的]模糊的戰略的話，這有什麼錯，有什麼不好？把此模糊的戰略結束掉，將是往關係正常化方面邁出的第一步，宣佈它[結束模糊戰略]是對雙方都有利益，地緣政治利益，和我們為我們的道德觀念的利益，以保衛台灣免遭來自中國的任何形式的侵略。

Michael Pillsbury: Another conference, perhaps? (1:52:48)
白博士：也許另一個會議？

Mark Stokes 斯托克斯

The strategic ambiguity in my view, usually has military context. It’s much better off to, the basic idea of getting rid of strategic ambiguity, is best applied at the political level. In other words, be explicit about granting legitimacy to governments on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. That is the best form of getting rid of …that is the ambiguous aspect that really should be done away with, and be much more clearer about having normal relations with both sides. That is the best form. It’s really a political problem. Military is an important part of it, but it’s the political issue that needs to be addressed at the heart of it.
在我看來，模糊的戰略，通常是有軍方背景的。擺脫戰略模糊的基本思想，最好是應用在政治層面上的。換句話說，要明確地把合法性授予在台灣海峽兩邊的政府。這是擺脫[戰略模糊]最好的方式......這個模棱兩可的方面，真的應該把它去掉，而且更加清晰的與雙方有正常的關係。這是最好的形式。這其實是一個政治問題。軍方是此問題的一個重要的部分，但是重點是在於需要解決這個問題的政治部分。

Michael Pillsbury: Are we ready for psychological surprise attack by China?
白博士：我們對中國的心理突襲準備好了嗎？

Mark Stoke: They do it to us every single day.
斯托克斯：他們每天都對我們這樣做。

Michael Pillsbury: If something like that is done to Taiwan?
白博士：如果這樣的事是對著台灣呢？

Mark Stokes: They are already doing it. They’ve done it to us since 1971. …This is their success; they have pulled the wool over our eyes to be able to fool us what the objective reality is. You have two legitimate governments—ROC and PRC. And they have kicked our butt when it comes to political warfare by not having us realize subjective reality.
斯托克斯：他們已經在這樣做了。自1971年以來，他們已經這麼對付我們了....這是他們的成功；他們用羊毛矇過我們的眼睛，欺騙了我們客觀的現實是什麼。你有兩個合法政府，中華民國和中華人民共和國。而談到政治戰，當我們沒有領悟到主觀的現實是什麼時，我們是被扯後腿的了。

Seth Cropsey (1:53:57) 克羅波西

I’ve had the chance myself, several years ago to observe close hand, as the director of international broadcasting for the government, our public diplomatic efforts, and some of my remarks, on the questions of our preparedness for responding to and conducting psychological warfare wouldn’t take more than a couple of seconds, and we don’t even have that at this point. So thank you very much for your thoughtful questions and your excellent listening. Thank you panel for your fine presentations. This discussion will indeed be continued. Good afternoon.
幾年前，我有機會，親自就近觀察，身為政府的國際廣播處長，我們公共外交的努力，和我的一些言論，關於我們是否準備好，對心理戰術的反應，其實回答此問題不會超過幾秒鐘，但是我們連幾秒也沒有了。非常感謝你們深思熟慮的問題和你優秀的聆聽。謝謝小組您們精美的發表。這個討論的確是會繼續下去的。午安。